Unit 2: Map Skills (Chapter 3) On a piece of paper, draw a map from the high school (point A) to Kendall 10 Theater (point B). Please label anything that would help a person to get from point A to point B.

MAPS A model (representation) of the Earth shows all or part of the round earth a way to share knowledge and information about the world flat, printed documents, 2-D made by cartographers (mapmakers) and mathematicians shown in different map projections (different ways maps are drawn)

Map Projections On-going controversy has been which projection accurately depicts the continents Because Earth is round, there is always some distortion on any flat map. A cartographer has to choose which projection best shows features (without distortion)

Map Projections Maps can have true (accurate) …. Directions Distances Areas Shapes HOWEVER, a map cannot have ALL of the above correct at the same time! Some map projections are better at some features than others.

How have maps been used in the past and in the present? Historically… Land ownership, political boundaries Travel: the “age of explorations” How have maps been used in the past and in the present?

Map Projections At least 100 different types Maps are used for Political Travel Commerce Satellites We will learn the basics

Map Projections Three Types of Map Projections: 1. Mercator 2. Gnomonic 3. Polyconic

Mercator Projection One continuous map As if a piece of paper was wrapped around the planet Shows whole world, but NOT extreme polar region

Mercator Projection

Mercator Projection Advantages Directions are true Nice, rectangular shaped map Accurate near the equator Latitude and longitude lines are straight and parallel

Mercator Projection Distorts areas near poles On a Mercator projection, Greenland appears stretched out, exaggerated in size About 500% larger than actual size. (Greenland is in fact about the same size as Mexico.) Antarctica appears so large it is seemingly set for world domination on this scale! (except it doesn’t have an army)

Gnomonic Projection A.K.A. planar projection Circular in shape Uses: Planning ocean and air voyages Depicting polar regions

Latitude lines are circles longitude lines radiate from the center

Gnomonic Projection Advantages Disadvantages Accurately shows the shortest distance between two points. Accurate for polar regions. Disadvantages Distorts landmass shapes away from the center point of the circle.

Polyconic Projection Made as if a cone of paper was wrapped around Earth

Polyconic Projection Used in Atlas Mapping large areas of land that fall in the middle latitudes Longitude meridians are straight, latitude lines “fan out”

Polyconic Projection Advantages Disadvantages Reasonably Accurate Directions Shapes Areas Disadvantages Latitude and longitude are curved slightly Distortion increase away from standard parallels Oddly shaped map

Globe Projection Advantages: Disadvantages: 3D Shows true: Direction, Distances, Areas, Shapes Disadvantages: Expensive Bulky to carry in your glove compartment *The world's largest globe, with a circumference of 131 feet

Map Projections Quiz Time! 1. A country in the tropics should use a… 2. A country in the temperate zone (like U.S.A.) should use a… 3. A polar region should use a … a. cylindrical (Mercator) b. planar (gnomonic) c. conical (polyconical)

Synopsis of Map Projections Mercators are true at the equator and distortion increases toward the poles Conics are true along some parallel somewhere between the equator and a pole and distortion increases away from this standard Gnomonics are true only at their center point, but generally distortion is worst at the edge of the map

Hemispheres

What hemispheres do we live in?

Latitude and Longitude To find an exact place on a map or on Earth, you need crossing lines that create an intersection (place where two lines meet) coordinates (numbers indicate a specific point) grid system known as the latitude and longitude grid

Latitude and Longitude Places can be exactly located using coordinates and plotting them on a “grid” latitude and longitude Measured in degrees, minutes and seconds (360° 60' 60")

Horizontal like rungs on a ladder Long, tall vertical lines

Latitude Also called “parallels” horizontal “rings” that circle around the globe. They are equal distances apart. 1° degree of latitude = 65 miles or 111 km Go from 0° to 90° north (North Pole) 0° to 90° south (South Pole)

Longitude Also called meridians. Meridians meet at the poles. They are measured from zero or prime meridian. Lines are measured going east from 0° to 180° west from 0° to 180° Distances between longitude lines are NOT equal At equator, 1o = 111 km (65 miles) At 45°, 1o = 79 km ( 49 miles) At the North pole, 1o = ZERO km!

Where on earth is 0° latitude and 0° longitude located? The Prime Meridian Located at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England 0 degrees longitude Runs through countries such as United Kingdom, France, Spain, Algeria Where on earth is 0° latitude and 0° longitude located? In the Atlantic Ocean, about 360 miles south of Ghana

Map Scale Maps are not drawn to the same scale as the world There has to be an amount of reduction in size Ratio of the distance between two points on the map compared to the actual ground distance Map Scale = Map Distance Earth Distance map distance : Earth (ground) distance

3 types of map scales

3 types of map scales 1: 24000 map scale … 1 inch on the map = 24,000 inches on the ground! … 24,000 inches = 2000 feet

3 types of map scales 1:100,000 scale 1 cm = 100,000 cm … or 1 kilometer on the surface (about 0.62 miles)

A map of the world has a scale of 1: 46,000,000 !!!!

U.S.A. Map would have a scale of 1: 5,000,000

A map of Illinois would have a scale of 1: 500,000

A map of Kendall County would have a scale of 1: 62,500

Oswego town map would have a scale of 1: 1000

Large –scale map Small-scale map Shows a small area with a lot of detail. Good for urban areas, towns, streets or hiking. Example: 1:10,000 Large enough to see details Small-scale map Shows a LARGE area with very little detail. Good for world maps or large regions such as North America. Example: 1:1,000,000 Too small to see details