Freedom of the Press By: Jackie Link Lindsey Pryce Julie Huynh Diana Jasser Abbey Lovat Kirstie Racinski

"The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.“ - Thomas Jefferson

What is Freedom of the Press?

It is the liberty to print or disseminate information, by printing, broadcasting, or through electronic media, without prior restraints such as licensing requirements or content review and without subsequent punishment for what is said as well. The press is a very broad term that includes newspapers, television, radio, books, lectures, movies, art, dance, telephone, cassettes, CDs, video discs, magazines, electronic bulletin boards, computer networks, billboards, and video tapes. Peter McWilliams, author of mcwilliams.com website, states: o “We rely on it, depend on its accuracy, and, if it turns out to be inaccurate, we expect another news organization to expose the expos. Freedom of the press is a fundamental right, up there with freedom of speech and freedom of and from religion. A free press is not a luxury; it's a necessity.” Press is now called “Media” limited by the government and churches What is Freedom of the Press?

ocensorship or mandatory licensing by the government in advance of publication opunishment for printed material, especially that considered by the government to be seditious libel Historically, restriction of the press has occurred in these two ways:

Freedom of the Press in England o John Milton, in his Areopagitica (1644), attacked the licensing law in England and told Parliament to suppress offensive publications after their appearance if necessary. o His objections eventually became a cornerstone of the Freedom of the Press o but it was not until 1695 that the licensing and censorship laws were abolished.

Freedom of the Press in America o The Trial of John Peter Zenger against libel charges in 1735 was the foundation of the Freedom of Press in the U.S. o He published a newspaper that opposed the tedious policies of governor William Cosby. o In successfully defending Zenger, his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton established the precedent that a statement, even if insulting, is not libelous if it is proved, affirming freedom of the press in America.

Continued oAfter the American Revolution, many states presented freedom of the press othe First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution said that Congress will not make any laws diminishing the freedom of the press, etc. oIn reaction to the Sedition Act (1798), a more tolerant version of the First Amendment became dominant, which saw it as rejecting seditious libel as a crime. oThe First Amendment was later applied to all the states by judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868.

The Development of the Freedom of the Press oSamuel Adams, a radical journalist, roused the people by using the colonial press to resist the Stamp Act which eventually was repealed.

The Development of the Freedom of the Press (cont…) oThe American Revolution produced many historic newspapermen. oEven though the Constitution contained a clause for freedom of the press in the Bill of Rights, the government still set many controls on the press and quieted the opinions of most early journalists. oThe Supreme Court’s position on First Amendment freedoms was to suspend free speech and press if the expressions constituted a “reasonable tendency” to endanger society. oThis was the beginning of press freedom in America, the evolution of the “Fourth Estate”

Power of the Press oThe many different types of Press o“Watchdogs” oWhat the press can and cannot do: oExamples of when then power of the press was questioned: oThe Hazelwood Case

Senior editor of the Hazelwood school newspaper at the time of controversy.

These Supreme Court justices voted with the majority saying no First Amendment rights had been violated. (From left to right, they are Rehnquist, White, Stevens, O’Connor, and Scalia.)

These Supreme Court justices believed First Amendment rights of the students had been violated. (From Left to right they are Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun.)

Pros of the Freedom of the Press oThe news and media can alert the public about government actions without them knowing. oThe people have a right to know what is going on in the world and the media's job is to inform them oNo democratic process can occur without access to proper information. oThe most important things the press can report on is information going on with the president, such as corruption, incompetence, or general social problems.

Cons of the Freedom of the Press oYellow journalism oFreedom and privacy concerning public figures. oFalse information can be published concerning public figures and public matters.

Who Does Freedom of the Press Affect??

How Freedom of the Press affects people worldwide.

Recent Cases Concerning Freedom of the Press oA recent case happened on August 3, 2008 when a National Press Club protests jailing a New York Times Reporter, Barry Bearak who was covering the presidential election in Zimbabwe.

THE PENTAGON PAPERS CASE

The man who exposed Nixon, Daniel Ellsberg.

oThis dramatic true-life account follows Daniel Ellsberg, the Harvard graduate and ex-Marine who disclosed information from the Pentagon Papers in 1971, exposing secrets about the U.S. involvement in Vietnam that contributed to Richard Nixon's resignation from the presidency.

Hilary Clinton

Ethics in Journalism o Defamation-to harm someone’s reputation o Two main types: libel (written) and slander (verbal) o Libel is what journalists are sued for.

Libel is... o The publication of a false statement of fact that seriously harms someone’s reputation. o In order to successfully sue for libel, you must first prove the journalist acted with malice. Then, you must prove 5 other thing.

“Without freedom of thought, there can be no wisdom and no freedom of the people without freedom of opinion and it is the right of every man until it does not affect the freedom of others.”