Chapter 7 Pragmatics and discourse analysis. Outline 1. Pragmatics: meaning and contexts 2. Speech act 3. Presupposition 4. Deitics 5. Discourse and Analysis.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The people Look for some people. Write it down. By the water
Advertisements

Here’s an interesting conversation. It’s a little lengthy
Pragmatics Interpersonal function Austinian Speech Acts
A.
Conversational Implicature (Based on Paltridge, chapter 3)
Topic 10: conversational implicature Introduction to Semantics.
The Cooperative Principle
1 MODULE 2 Meaning and discourse in English COOPERATION, POLITENESS AND FACE Lecture 14.
Direct and Indirect Speech. Direct Speech In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks. "I don't.
EL1101E WEEK 10: PRAGMATICS Group members: Elaine Ong Ong Min Thakshayeni Skanthakumar Jeannie Poon.
Philosopher J.L.Austin’s book How to do things with words (1962)
Lecture Six Pragmatics.
English 306A; Harris 1 Pragmatics Interpersonal function Austinian Speech Acts Gricean Conversational Principles.
1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Lecture 10 Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.
Matakuliah: G0922/Introduction to Linguistics Tahun: 2008 Session 9 Semantic 2.
Direct and indirect speech acts
Introduction to linguistics II
Pragmatics.
Speech Acts & Language Functions Pragmatics Not only language structure is rule governed – language use is, too Rules of language use are social: ”Is saying.
REPORTED SPEECH Unit 11 – English 12 Instructor: Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ
Advanced Spoken English Speech Act Theory What are Speech Acts? Speaking is performative Utterances are functional -Giving orders, instructions -Making.
Semantics 3rd class Chapter 5.
 We have been considering ways in which we interpret the meaning of an utterance in terms of what the speaker intended to convey.  However, we have.
How conversation works Conversational English Compiled by Victor Nickolz Grand Lyceum 2004 For classes 7-11.
Theories of Discourse and Dialogue. Discourse Any set of connected sentences This set of sentences gives context to the discourse Some language phenomena.
I am ready to test!________ I am ready to test!________
Sight Words.
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE G. TOGIA SECTION ΠΗ-Ω 20/10/2015 Introduction to linguistics II.
Research Methods in T&I Studies I Cooperative Principle and Culture-Specific Maxims.
Reported Speech What is it? How do you use it? Yesterday, I saw my friend Pamela! She told me that she got a promotion!
listening David: What’s it like living in England, Terry? Terry: well, I’m having a great time. But I sometimes have difficulty understanding what people.
Adding Dialogue.  Bob: hey  Jane: hey  Bob: what’s up  Jane: not much, you?  Bob: not much  Jane: Well we better get going  Bob: okay Not-so-good.
Pragmatics.
Presupposition is what the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Entailment, which is not a pragmatic concept, is what logically.
Dr. Katie Welch LING  Heretofore, we have talked about the form of language  But, this is only half the story.  We must also consider the.
ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS Discussion skills and Presentation skills The course is designed to improve students’ speaking skills in English by: activating.
ACE TESOL Diploma Program – London Language Institute OBJECTIVES You will understand: 1. The terminology and concepts of semantics, pragmatics and discourse.
Presentation about pragmatic concepts Implicatures Presuppositions
PRAGMATICS.
Welcome Back, Folks! We’re travelling to a littele bit far-end of Language in Use Studies EAA remains your faithful companion.
UNIT 2 - IMPLICATURE.
High Frequency Words August 31 - September 4 around be five help next
Discourse and pragmatics. Meaning and context situational context background knowledge context co-textual context.
ADRESS FORMS AND POLITENESS Second person- used when the subject of the verb in a sentence is the same as the individual to.
英語的功能與學習效益 鍾榮富 南台科技大學應用英語系 2011, 10, 21 台南一中.
Sight Words.
High Frequency Words.
Chapter 7 Pragmatics English Linguistics: An Introduction.
Discourse Analysis The Negotiation of Meaning Systemic and Schematic Knowledge. People make sense of written or spoken text according to the world they.
Speech Act Theory Instructor: Dr Khader Khader.  Outline:  How Speech Act Theory began  What is the theory about  Levels of performing speech acts.
Introduction to Linguistics
Speech Acts Actions performed via utterances e.g. You are fired
(Based on Paldtridge, chapter 3) Conversational Implicature.
Lesson 20: Public Speaking Teen Leadership. Effective Communication for Leaders Why is it important to learn to communicate more effectively? Your future.
Implicature. I. Definition The term “Implicature” accounts for what a speaker can imply, suggest or mean, as distinct from what the speaker literally.
Created By Sherri Desseau Click to begin TACOMA SCREENING INSTRUMENT FIRST GRADE.
PRAGMATICS 2.
Aristotel‘s concept to language studies was to study true or false sentences - propositions; Thomas Reid described utterances of promising, warning, forgiving.
Pragmatics.
Pragmatics Interpersonal function Austinian Speech Acts
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE:
Welcome back!.
Nofsinger. R., Everyday Conversation, Sage, 1991
Pragmatics.
The study of meaning in context
Pragmatics Predmetni nastavnik: doc. dr Valentna Boskovic Markovic
Introduction to pragmatics
Nofsinger. R., Everyday Conversation, Sage, 1991
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 7 Pragmatics and discourse analysis

Outline 1. Pragmatics: meaning and contexts 2. Speech act 3. Presupposition 4. Deitics 5. Discourse and Analysis (1) New vs. old information (2) Co-operative principle (3) Relevance theory 6. Summary

Pragmatics Linguistic contexts or settings refer to the occasions or timing when a dialogue or a conversation occurs. settings involved with matters about who, what, when, where, and how Physical contexts A comfortable dialogue might be meaningful for the speakers and listeners, because they share the same backgrounds or knowledge. Epistemic contexts what language or accent is spoken and what tone or voice is intended to be conveyed or expressed cultural or historical oriented Linguistic contexts Social contexts formal setting: informal settings: casual or informal dictions, e.g. vulgar words, slangs, local accents, etc.

Pragmatics: Physical contexts A: May I help you? B: Yes, I would like to see the bag over there. Setting: Department store The clerk (A) speaks in a polite way, and she is ready to offer any help you need. Setting: Department store The clerk (A) speaks in a polite way, and she is ready to offer any help you need.

Pragmatics: Epistemic contexts A : Hey, remember that? I’ve got it. B: Hey, you did, didn’t you? There is no specific information revealed.

Speech Acts (1)- locution A locution happens when a statement is spoken without any specific reference to one’s intention or preoccupied ideas. a. I have two books. b. There is a cow under the tree. c. He seems to be smart. A sentence containing a constative verb (e.g. appear, seem, look, taste, smell, etc.) is a locutionary sentence.

Speech Acts (2-1)- Direct illocution The will of the speaker is strongly conveyed in the verbs. The verbs used in illocutionary sentences are performative verbs

Speech Acts (2-2)- Indirect illocution a. Don’t do it. b. I’ll be there. c. Stop it. what illocution refers to relies very much on the selection of verbs.

Speech Acts (2-3)- Indirect illocution Here comes John. (1) Now that John has come, why don’t you yield? (2) I warn you to yield, for my boss John has come. (3) I warn you that John has come.

Speech Acts (3)- Recognition of illocutionary force a. Can you help open the door, John? ( ask ) b. John, go and open the door. ( order ) c. Open the door, John, or I won’t give you candy. ( threaten ) d. John, would you help open the door? ( request ) e. John, open the door! ( order ) f. I bet that John won’t open the door for us. ( bet ) g. John, I advise you to open the door. ( advise )

Speech Acts (4)- Felicity condition Felicity condition: The action or performance of the verb should be fulfilled without failure. (a) the speaker is able to have what he puts in the illocution carried out (b) the listener cares what is put in the illocution.

Presupposition (1) Deals with words in which some ideas have been preoccupied. a. John has quit smoking. → John smokes or John has been smoking b. John’s brother does not live with that woman any more. → John has a brother or John’s brother lived with a woman. c. John would like to have another cup of coffee. → The speaker has in mind that John had at least one cup of coffee.

Presupposition (2) a. Would you give him another chance? b. Do you need more coffee? c. John married once again.

Presupposition (3):implication John still keeps the Wall in his mind even though he has moved to West Germany for two years. → Background Knowledge: After 1945, there was a great wall built for the separation of West Germany from East Germany.

Presupposition (4): entailment The meaning of B can be implied or ensured from A. 1a. Mary’s daughter is studying at that school. 1b. Mary has a daughter. 1c. Mary is a mother. → From (a), it can be entailed that (b) and (c) are true.

Deitics (1): It refers to pronouns like you, he, they, then, that, this, etc. a. John told Bill that he 1 would like to ask his 2 father to meet his 3 sister. → which refers to John or to Bill is far from clear. b. He is the greatest poet for the time being. → in the 19 th or 21 st century?

Discourse Analysis (1): New vs. old information New information: stress & is headed with an indefinite article (a or an) a. He wanted to buy a book for her. The book should be concerned with English learning or teaching. b. When he took a walk to the park, he saw a squirrel. The squirrel was so cute that he stopped for a while, looking at it.

Discourse Analysis(2-1): Co-operative principle In some contexts, a response to a dialogue or question would raise some misunderstanding because of no knowledge of cooperative principle (Grice) Male: My love to you never changes, until the end of the earth. Female: (angrily) How come it would be so? We’ve just dated for less than one year, and your love won’t change, always staying at that level? Male: (embarrassing) → British philosopher H. P. Grice created a word implicature to account for such a mismatch.

Discourse Analysis(2-2): Co-operative principles Participants must provide enough information, no more and no less, for proper communication The maxim of quantity Participants provide genuine information, no false or information without proof. The maxim of quality All the talks should be related to the topic. The maxim of relation The maxim of manner Participants should make his words clear: to be clear, to be brief, to be orderly, to avoid ambiguity.

Discourse Analysis(2-3): Co-operative principle Polonius: What do you read, my lord? Hamlet: Words, words, words. Polonius: What is the matter, my lord? Hamlet: Between who? Polonius: I mean, the matter that you read, my lord. Hamlet: Slanders, sir. For the satirical rogue says here that old men have grey beards, that their faces are wrinkled, their eyes purging thick amber and plum- tree gum, and that they have a plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams: all which, sir, though I most powerfully and potently believe, yet I hold not honesty to have it thus set down; for yourself, sir, should grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward.

Discourse Analysis(2-5): Co-operative principle A : Did you meet John yesterday? B : Sure. He wanted me to say Hello to you. A : What did he say? B : He wanted to show his best wishes to you. → each utterance is in coherence in quantity

Discourse Analysis(3): Relevance Theory (a) In order to make a conversation successful, the participant would tell the truth, therefore, the maxim of quality is unnecessary. ‘I’m sick’ he is not yet ‘ill’, but he just feels uncomfortable. (b) The relevance theory is in fact concerned with quantity, because only when it is relevant, the information exchanged is enough in quantity. (c) Relevance theory is closely related to relation in terms of topic. (d) It is redundant to require participants to be clear and brief in manner, because all the participants would make it the goal to communicate well.

Summary 1. pragmatics: physical context, epistemic context, linguistic context, and social context. 2. speech acts: illocution forces (e.g. ask, promise, order, warn, request.) 3. presupposition: e.g. again or another apparently implies something has been there 4. deitics: deitics is used only when the speaker and the listener share some common backgrounds 5. discourse analysis: (a) new vs. old information (b) cooperative principle (Grice) (c) relevance theory