Angela McCarthy CP5080, SP1 2010

 Year Published: 1995  Authors: ◦ David Koller: Graphics, Visualization, & Usability Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA ◦ Peter Lindstrom: Graphics, Visualization, & Usability Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA ◦ William Ribarsky: Graphics, Visualization, & Usability Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA ◦ Larry F. Hodges: Graphics, Visualization, & Usability Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA ◦ Nick Faust: Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology ◦ Gregory Turner: Information Processing Branch, Army Research Laboratory  Performed in part under contract from Army Research Laboratory

◦ Available online on ACM Portal  David R Koller - 3 Papers –  Peter Lindstrom – 31Papers –  William Ribarsky – 62 Papers –  Larry Franklin Hodges – 82 Papers – ◦ Subject Areas: User Interfaces, Picture/Image Generation, Computational Geometry And Object Modeling (Geometric Algorithms, Languages, And Systems), Methodology And Techniques, Three- Dimensional Graphics And Realism (Virtual Reality), Physical Sciences And Engineering, and Arts And Humanities  Nickolas Faust – 10 Papers –  Greg A Turner – 5 Papers –

 1995  GIS (Geographical Information System) originally 2D, moving into 3D ◦ Co-ordinates required, waiting time between input and display  A virtual GIS developed ◦ Used for urban planning, emergency services ◦ Event information stored in database  Obstructions: Heavy Traffic, Construction ◦ US Army to show terrain battlefields

 Implemented using Simple Virtual Environment (SVE) toolkit  Virtual GIS run on different hardware systems ◦ Silicon Graphics, Hewlett Packard and Kubota Denali workstations  Can be used with either workstation window- based interface or immersive virtual reality interface ◦ In immersive, users wear Head Mounted Display (HDM) with three-dimensional mouse controller

 Each dataset contains several types of information ◦ Terrain surfaces, visualised as mesh of shaded/textured polygons ◦ Protruding features such as trees/buildings ◦ Animated vehicles may also be present ◦ High resolution phototextures allow for identification of visible features ◦ GIS raster layer data corresponding to terrain area  Information such as soil type, road surface or foliage density can be stored in layers and rendered/queried

 Users given complete freedom of navigation ◦ Six degrees  Pitch, Yaw, Roll and three-dimensional translations  Navigation ◦ Users can get ‘lost’ or disorientated ◦ Navigation techniques proposed to alleviate effects  Overlay of labelled coordinate grid system  Popup inset overview map ◦ In addition to flying, users can jump to any point in world

 System has been used in actual field exercises of US Army ◦ Soldiers used system to view topography of terrain around operating areas ◦ Commanders able to indicate placements of sub- units on model, to visualise ordered positions  System design needs improvement ◦ Six degree-of-freedom, difficult to use ◦ Request of compass ◦ Request to jump to specific input of coordinates ◦ 30m resolution not sufficient for military training purposes, data up to 1m resolution required

 Goals: ◦ Navigate a model of the world  Country, Region – obtain 3D terrain and feature map, bring up real-time 3D visualisation  Search quickly through databases ◦ Displaying large scale environments  Constantly changing data  Using both 2D symbology in combination with 3D landmarks

 Authors set a foundation for future research and development  Have proven that the system is highly efficient in visualising geographical data ◦ Provides sophisticated management of large, complex datasets  Continued research and use of GIS has continued and still being used and improved now

 Mei-Po Kwan  Jiyeong Lee ◦ Of The Ohio State University and Minnesota State University  In 2002: looked at using Real-Time 3D GIS for emergency response teams ◦ Influenced by September 11  Technology still being developed and perfected ◦ Resources and response time largest issue

 Smaller number of references (19) ◦ Concept still young at time, many references were ‘recent’ of publishing, (a few old references from 1980’s)  Large number of authors  Acronyms/Abbreviations given  No figures or diagrams in paper, all located at end, no interruption to flow of words

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