Asexual Reproduction Production of offspring from one parent Involves mitosis Mitosis – Cell Division - exact duplication of all the chromosomes (# and information) in the nucleus, then separated into 2 identical sets. - occurs in all cells except sex cells Cancer – abnormal mitosis

Structure of a double-stranded chromosome

chromatid centromere Chromatid – strand of a chromosome Chromatin – material of a chromatid Centromere – holds strands together Gene – bands of information on chromosome (DNA) chromatid centromere

Differences in Mitosis between Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cells - have centrioles - cleavage (cell membrane pinches in – cytokenisis) Plant Cells - no centrioles - no cleavage – cell plate forms (cell wall)

Animal cell mitosis – cleavage – pinching in

Plant cell mitosis – cell plate formation

Result of Mitosis: - 2 identical cells made with the exact chromosome # and information as parent cell – exact replicas.

Methods of Asexual Reproduction -some organisms reproduce asexually (one parent) using the process of mitosis. Binary Fission: equal division of the cytoplasm of the organism. Ex. Ameba, Paramecium One organism splits itself equally and produces 2 new organisms.

Binary Fission Paramecium Ameba

2. Budding: - unequal division of the cytoplasm (not chromosomes!!!!!) Ex. Hydra and Yeast Hydra Yeast

3. Sporulation: - multicellular organisms - spores are released and develop new individuals Bread Mold

4. Regeneration: - invertebrates – undifferentiated cells (similar) - development of entire new organism from part of original. Ex. Starfish, planaria - replacement of lost structure. Ex. Lobster claw Planaria Starfish

5. Vegetative Propagation: - Asexual Reproduction in Plants (mitosis) - New plants develop from roots, stems and leaves of parent plant. Natural: bulbs, tubers, runners

Natural A. Bulbs – enlarged underground stem ex. Onion, garlic, tulip

B. Tubers – enlarged underground stem with buds (eyes) ex. Potato

C. Runners – stem that runs along the ground. Ex. strawberries

Artificial: a. cutting – stem or leaf is placed in soil and a new plant develops. Ex. Geranium

b. Grafting: - stem of one plant is attached to cut end of another. - No Blending - red rose bush grafted to yellow rose bush produces a plant with red and yellow roses.

Results of Asexual Reproduction offspring are genetically identical to parent Same hereditary material (# and information on chromosomes) Same characteristics

Cloning Can occur naturally or artificially Artificial- Nuclear Transfer Scientists take a parent (body) cell nucleus (DNA) Insert the nucleus into a donor egg cell (the nucleus from the egg was removed) The egg is now implanted into a surrogate female for development The clone will be genetically identical to the organism that the parent cell nucleus came from