Cell Structures Unit

Cells – What are they? Specific Separate mass surrounded by a semi- permeable membrane The basic structural unit of life All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells – What are they? How cells differ from each other;  Size  Shape  Organization

The Discovery of the Cell The first microscope magnified an object 270 times. Today, they can magnify 200,000 times. Robert Hooke was the first to view the world of cells in 1660.

Cell Developments 1665 – Robert Hooke  English scientists  Took thin sliced of cork bark  Noticed they had similar compartments  He called them cells  Estimated there were 1 billion cells per cubic inch

Cell Developments 1838 – Matthais Schledien  Discovered that plants have cells 1839 – Theodor Schwann  Discovered that animals have cells 1858 – Rodolf Virchow  Discovered that all cells come from living things.

The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Inter Cellular Terminology Cytoplasm:  Suspended fluid inside the cell  Aids in transport of substances within the cell

Inter Cellular Terminology Organelles  Special structures in the cytoplasm  Each performs a special task to help keep the cell alive

Inter Cellular Terminology Chromosomes  Molecules of DNA wrapped around proteins  Found in the Nucleus  Controls cell functions and the what traits are passed on

Centriole

Inter Cellular Terminology Centriole  Small, Organelle lying near the nucleus in the cytoplasm  Aids in cell division  Only in animal cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Inter Cellular Terminology Endoplasmic Reticulum  A system of cannels  Transports substances into the cell  Called the CHEMICAL WORK BENCH Plants and Animals  Smooth ER  Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Inter Cellular Terminology Golgi Apparatus  Found in the cytoplasm  Packages proteins for Storage Secretion Plants and Animals

Lysosome

Inter Cellular Terminology Lysosome  Breaks down food and foreign material.  Removes waste materials from the cell Only in Animal Cells

Inter Cellular Terminology Messenger RNA  Synthesized in the Nucleus  Passes through the ribosome  Provides a template for enzyme or protein synthesis

Inter Cellular Terminology Transfer RNA  Serves as an adaptor molecule in the syntheses of protein

Mitochondria

Inter Cellular Terminology Mitochondria  Spherical or elongated  Releases energy to produce body heat.  Contains the electron transmitter  POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL  Burn food to obtain energy Plants and Animals

Inter Cellular Terminology Nuclear Membrane  Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm  Controls What leaves the cell What enters the cell

Nucleus & Nucleolus

Inter Cellular Terminology Nucleolus  Produces ribonucleic acids (RNA)  Assembles ribosome's Plants and Animals

Inter Cellular Terminology Nucleus  Organelle containing the hereditary information Plants and Animals

Inter Cellular Terminology Ribosomes  Granules composed of protein and RNA  Synthesis protein

Vacuole

Inter Cellular Terminology Vacuole  Small space within a cell  Filled with water  Stores food, water and wastes Plants and Animals

Intra-cellular terminology Plasma Membrane  Encloses the cell  Regulates what enters and exits the cell

Structures outside of the Cell Hemoglobin  Red  Protein pigment that transports O and CO 2  Regulates pH

Structures outside of the Cell Erythrocyte  Red Blood Cells Leukocytes  White blood cells

Structures outside of the Cell Microfilaments  Thin, thread like fibers  Aids in cell movement  Contracts like muscles

Structures outside of the Cell Platelet  Small colorless corpuscle  Aids in blood coagulation

Levels of Cellular Organization Cells  The basic unit of all living things Tissues:  Groups of cells working together Organs:  Groups of tissues working together Organ Systems:  Groups of organs working together Organisms:  Groups of organ systems working together

Processes of the Cell Absorption:  Taking in water and nutrients Chlorophyll:  The green pigment of plants  Aids in photosynthesis

Processes of the Cell Chloroplast:  The site that photosynthesis takes place Chlorophyll:  The green pigment of plants  Aids in photosynthesis

Processes of the Cell Differentiation:  Process of changing unspecialized into specialized cells Photosynthesis:  Making sugars in green plants from water, carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.

Processes of the Cell Respiration:  Using stored foods to obtain energy Transpiration:  The evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant

Processes of Photosynthesis The process that plants us to produce food for themselves Plants are the factories of the world  An estimated 150 billion tons of sugar are produced by plants each year

Processes of Photosynthesis How it works  Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf from the surrounding air  Water moves from the soil into the root, stems, and leaves  The H20 and the CO2 are synthesized in the chlorophyll with the energy from sunlight

Processes of Photosynthesis The end result is the formulation of sugar which is transported around the plant to be used After the plant uses the Hydrogen, and Carbon, the Oxygen is a bi-product of the photosynthesis and is released

Processes of Respiration Here’s how it works;  Sugar is broken down to produce energy for essential plant functions.  Respiration consumes oxygen and glucose  Respiration gives of Carbon Dioxide and water

Photosynthesis –vrs- Respiration PhotosynthesisRespiration Building of carbohydratesUsing carbohydrates Sugars manufacturedSugars consumed Requires lightHappens day or night Captures energyUses energy Only takes place in plantsCarries on in both plants and animals Sugar is the end productEnergy produced for plant functions

Plants vs. Animals Plant Cells  Cell Wall Made of cellulose Gives support and shape  They have chloroplasts Green chlorophyll pigment Site of Photosynthesis

Plants vs. Animals Plant Cells  No microtubules  No cenrioles  Usually a single large vacuole  Liposome's are absent.

Plant Cell

Plants vs. Animals Animal Cells  Microtubules give them shape  No cell wall, plastids, chloroplasts  Vacuoles are small

Animal Cell