Asexual Reproduction Cell division consists of two processes: The production of a new organism without the fusion of two nuclei. The new organism develops FROM the cells of a single parent and has identical characteristics as the parent. This is very rapid and many offspring are produced. Cell division consists of two processes: Nuclear Division This is called Mitosis or mitotic cell division There is an exact duplication of a set of chromosomes creating two identical sets. Cytoplasmic Division This occurs during or after mitosis resulting in the formation of two daughter cells, each containing an identical set of chromosomes. What is a chromosome? A thick threadlike structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA. Mrs. Degl

A Chromosome is a double strand of chromatid joined in the center by a centromere. Mrs. Degl

Mitosis In Animals Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Mrs. Degl

Interphase Prophase Not really a part of Mitosis (it happens before) Lasts from the end of one cell division to the beginning of the next. Known as the “resting period” Prophase Single stranded chromosome replicates into a double-stranded chromosome Double stranded chromosomes are joined by centromeres. Centrioles migrate to opposite ends (poles) of the cell forming spindle fibers. Mrs. Degl

Anaphase (think apart) Metaphase The double stranded chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell Anaphase (think apart) The double stranded chromosomes break at the centromere and divide into single-stranded daughter chromosomes The daughter chromosomes then move apart to opposite poles with the aid of spindle fibers. Telophase Last stage of mitosis Begins when chromosomes reach the poles A nuclear membrane forms around each daughter cell Cytokinesis divides the cell into two cells and the cytoplasm pinches in and identical two cells are made. Mrs. Degl

Mitosis in plants Plant cell division and animal cell division differ in two ways: Plants do not have centrioles Plants have a rigid cell wall which prevents the cell membrane from pinching in. Instead, a cell plate forms which divides the plant cell in half. Mrs. Degl

Label the phases of Mitosis Mrs. Degl

Vegetative Propagation Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Budding Spore Formation Regeneration Vegetative Propagation Binary Fission Parent divides into two equal parts. The two daughter cells are equal in size and grow to normal size. Examples are Amoeba and Paramecium (Binary Fission of Amoeba) Mrs. Degl

Budding The Parent cell divides into two unequal parts. Yeast (unicellular) Two daughter cells are produced and one is larger than the other. Hydra (multicellular) The daughter is a multicellular outgrowth of the parent, which bud separates from the parent. (Yeast budding) (Hydra budding) Mrs. Degl

Sporulation Regeneration Many single celled reproductive cells are released into to environment Under the right temperatures and moisture conditions these can develop into new individuals. Examples are bread mold and mushrooms. (blueberry) Regeneration This is the development of a new organism from part of the original. It can also mean the replacement of a body part. A new starfish can develop from part of the parent. A lobster can grow a new claw if one it torn off. An earthworm can re-grow if one tip is cut off. A salamander can also re-grow limbs (salamander) Mrs. Degl

Vegetative Propagation The growing of new plants form parts of other plants. Examples include: Propagation Organism cuttings (stem, leaf, root) geranium bulbs onion, tulip tubers potato runners strawberry grafting (joining of two parts) seedless orange or watermelon (any different version of a fruit) Mrs. Degl