BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist UNIT 3: Biochemistry BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist

Organic Molecules Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon Carbon can form 4 bonds with atoms of other elements as well as with itself Can form chains, branches and rings Enormous variety of molecule shapes

Organic Molecules C can also share pairs of electrons Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules

Organic Molecules Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule) Dehydration synthesis builds polymers Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down

What is dehydration synthesis? Dehydration= remove water Synthesis= putting it together Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide

Hydrolysis Opposite of dehydration synthesis Separating disaccharide into two monosaccharide by adding water Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose

Example Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water

Classes of Organic Molecules Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1C: 2H :1O Functions: Major source of energy Some are also used for structural support Building block of a carb is a monosaccaride (simple sugar)

Carbohydrates “single sugar,” building blocks ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are isomers Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula

Carbohydrates Many carbs are disaccharides ( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis) ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose) Sucrose is table sugar Lactose is milk sugar

Carbohydrates Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as short-term storage of energy Starch: plants Glycogen: animals Cellulose: structural support in plants (wood)

Why are Carbs Important? Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis

Lipids

Lipids Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O. Functions: Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids fats, oils, and waxes.

Lipids Made up of fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids- Glycerol Structure

Lipids-Fatty acids long carbon chains, with a group at one end. straight long carbon chains, with a group at one end. carboxyl

Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ____________. single Solid butter

Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid contains at least one ________ bond between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ________. double Liquid oil

Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid ________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms. Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride). dehydration

Lipids Trigylcerides (fats)- Phospholipids-2 Waxes Steroids energy storage 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol Phospholipids-2 Waxes Steroids

Cholesterol: Good or Bad? The Good News: Essential compound in making animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D. The Bad News Can build-up in arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes

PROTEINS

III. Proteins: composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, N, O,and S atoms amino acids

A. Amino acids: 20 1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.

2. Draw

Amino acids are linked through the dehydration reaction by ____________ to form ____________. peptide bonds polypeptides

Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged. This affects the ________ of the protein. structure

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: Helixes or coils

Helix

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: Helixes or coils Pleated Sheets

Pleated Sheets

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: Helixes or coils Pleated Sheets Globular

Globular Protein

C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as : Temperature pH structure

D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.

D. Functions building material chemical Provide ________________ and structural support Provide ________________ and ________________. Example: keratin and collagen 2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes building material chemical

D. Functions Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin Fight against _______: antibodies cells disease

composed of a chain of ___________________. IV. Nucleic Acids composed of a chain of ___________________. nucleotides

A. Nucleotide (draw it in) Elements:CHNOP

a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________. a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: A and T G and C proteins

C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins. a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine