Reference: PCI Life Science Chapter 2 “The Cell” Reference: PCI Life Science

Section 1 – Parts of a Cell A direct relationship exists between the size and shape of every cell and the tasks it needs to accomplish.

Cells,Tissues & Organs Remember the human body is made of trillions of cells. The cells in your body group together to do certain jobs.

Cells,Tissues & Organs For example, in animals, muscle tissues work together to make the body move. A group of tissues that work together is called an organ. Your heart, lungs, and stomach are examples of organs. Each organ does a specific job.

Cells, Tissues & Organs Just like your body is made of organs that work together, the tiny cells of your body are made of smaller units that work together. These units are called organelles. You can think of them as a cell's tiny organs.

Cells, Tissues & Organs Each organelle has a specific purpose.

Cells, Tissues & Organs Animal cells and plant cells are slightly different, but they share some similarities.

Cells, Tissues & Organs Plant Cell: Unlike an animal cell, a plant cell has an extra barrier called a cell wall. The cell wall is a solid layer surrounding a plant cell that gives the cell : Structure, shape and protection.

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Parts of a Cell

Organelles CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane is a thin, flexible covering around the outside of each cell. The cell membrane has several important jobs: It holds the cell together It protects the cell It keeps harmful substances from entering the cell It membrane controls the movement of needed materials, such as food, oxygen, and water into the cell.

Organelles CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS with attached carbohydrate tails to recognize self. Contain the steroid cholesterol to make membranes more flexible.

Organelles CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the cell membrane. Provides structure and support. Cellulose in the cell wall makes plant cells sturdy. Bacteria have cell walls made of sugar and proteins instead of cellulose. FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS & BACTERIA

Organelles CHLOROPLASTS The organelle in plant cells that capture light energy. Where photosynthesis takes place Some plastids store starch or fats, while others contain compounds called pigments, which absorb visible light.

Organelles ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) An organelle that is made of a network of tubes that processes and transports proteins from place to place inside a cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum: The ER or endoplasmic reticulum, is a network of tubes inside a cell. Substances move along these tubes to get from the nucleus to the other organelles.

Organelles ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Rough ER: ribosomes attached Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached. The Endoplasmic Reticulum: The ER or endoplasmic reticulum, is a network of tubes inside a cell. Substances move along these tubes to get from the nucleus to the other organelles.

Organelles GOLGI Body an organelle that processes, packs, and transports proteins to be sent outside a cell

Organelles LYSOSOME an organelle that breaks down waste materials in an animal cell. Think of the lysosome as the “garbage disposal” of the cell. The Lysosomes: : “The Garbage Disposal of the Cell”. These are organelles contain chemicals that break down waste materials in the cell.

Organelles MITOCHONDRIA organelles that convert food into energy that a cell can use You can call the Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell! THE MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA!

Organelles Nucleus and Nucleolus the information center NUCLEUS is: the information center controls the chemical reactions that happen in cytoplasm stores DNA

Organelles Nucleus and Nucleolus NUCLEOLUS is: a round structure that is inside the nucleus of a cell makes ribosomes

Organelles RIBOSOMES an organelle that makes proteins for a cell – “The Protein Maker” Can be found free in the cytoplasm or bound to the surface of Rough ER. The Ribosomes: “The Protein Maker”. These organelles make proteins for the cell. Making proteins is very important, so the cell has a lot of ribosomes.

Organelles VACUOLE Storage space for: waste products, nutrients, and water. Huge in plant cells, small in animal cells. The Vacuoles: Vacuoles are the storerooms of cells. Food and water are stored in the vacuoles. Waste materials also can be stored in the vacuoles. Plant cells usually have fewer but larger vacuoles than animal cells. Plant cells need large vacuoles to hold water.

Animal cells and plant cells have some similar cell parts. The Cell Animal cells and plant cells have some similar cell parts. Protists and fungi are also eukaryotic organisms! Amoeba, Plasmodium (malaria), Mushrooms, yeast and molds

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Organelles –Animal Cell Golgi Body 1 2 Ribosomes 9 Vacuole 3 Cytoplasm 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum 5 Mitochondria 6 Nucleus 8 7 Lysosomes Cell Membrane

Organelles - Plant Cells 2 Endoplasmic Reticulum 1 Nucleus 3 4 Golgi Body Ribosomes 6 5 Vacuole Mitochondria 8 9 7 10 Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cytoplasm Cell Membrane

Section 2 – Chemicals in a Cell

Chemicals in a Cell The molecules in cells are made of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

Chemicals in a Cell These elements combine to form chemicals that organisms need to function.

Water One of the chemicals that cells need is water. Cells are about 70 percent water. Water is a molecule made of Hydrogen and Oxygen. H2O is the chemical symbol for water.

Water Water is a useful chemical because it dissolves other chemicals, or causes them to break up into small pieces.

Water Water works the same way inside a cell. Imagine putting a spoonful of sugar into a cup of coffee. When you stir the coffee, the grains of sugar break up into smaller pieces. Eventually, the pieces are so small that you cannot see them. Water works the same way inside a cell.

Water A cell is small, so the particles that pass through it must be even smaller. The water in a cell dissolves materials into smaller pieces so that they can move from cell to cell.

Proteins Proteins are large molecules in a cell that carry out the functions of life. Proteins contain chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Proteins When an organism takes in food, the protein in the food is broken down to supply the organism's cells with amino acids. The amino acids are then linked together to form new proteins that the cells can use.

Proteins

                                                             Photo Credit Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images Proteins Proteins do different jobs depending on how their amino acids are arranged. Proteins protect cells, digest food, fight infections, and keep an organism working. Antibodies Enzymes Collagen Hemoglobin Insulin

Proteins You have learned that DNA is a molecule found in cells that contains genetic information. DNA determines what cells will do. Located in a cell's nucleus, DNA has the code that is needed to make proteins.

Proteins When a cell needs to make a certain protein, the cell gets the necessary information from DNA. This tells the cell how to put the amino acids together in a specific order to make the new protein.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules that are made out of sugar. These molecules are used for energy and energy storage. When an organism needs energy, its cells break down carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates Breaking down carbohydrates releases the energy that is stored inside.

Lipids Lipids are molecules in a cell that either store energy or make up the cell membrane. Lipids are different from proteins and carbohydrates because they do not dissolve in water. There are two types of lipids: Fats and oils Phospholipids

Lipids Fats and oils store energy. When an organism uses up all of its carbohydrates for energy, it can use fats or oils to get energy. Most of an animal's lipids are fats. Most of a plant's lipids are oils.

Lipids Phospholipids are another type of lipid. These lipids make up the cell membrane. **Remember, the cell membrane separates and protects the inside of a cell from the things around the cell.

Lipids Cells are 70 percent water. Since phospholipids do not dissolve in water, they keep the inside of the cell stable.

ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is very important to cells because it is the main fuel that is used for cell activities.

ATP When a cell needs energy, the energy that is stored in carbohydrates and lipids must be turned into The cell can only use the energy after it has been turned into ATP.