POPULATION and Urban Development Thought Questions: 1. What things would cause people to leave a certain place? 2. What factors would cause people to move to a certain place?

Key Understandings People are not distributed equally on the earth’s surface The world’s population continues to grow, but at different rates in different regions

What would it look like if the world’s population was reduced to 100 people? http://www.100people.org/statistics_100stats.php

REGIONS Part of the Earth’s surface that is alike or connected in some way, such as by politics, economics, culture, or environment. 1) Formal Region, 2) Functional Region, and 3) Perceptual Region

DEMOGRAPHY Demography: The study of population Demographer: A person who studies demography Demographics: the statistical data of a population showing age, gender, income, education, etc.

GLOBALIZATION Describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.

Global Population Distribution Population Distribution of the Earth is uneven due to factors such as climate, landscape, transportation routes, and available resources. There are FOUR centers of heavy population in the world These areas contain more than 70% of the Earth’s population

World Geography Population Eastern Asia has the greatest concentration of people on Earth – it is centered in China and has 21% of Earth’s population. 2) Southern Asia is the second largest concentration of people – it is centered in India and has 16% of the Earth’s pop. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population 3) Western Europe is the third largest concentration. In Western Europe people are concentrated near natural resources needed for industry. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population East Central North America is the fourth largest center concentrated in the NE US and SE Canada. In the US, the chain of cities start from the city of Boston to south of Washington DC. - This is called a megalopolis. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population Africa has 12% of the Earth’s population. Largest cluster of people found in the Nile River Valley. Cairo is the largest city in Africa. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population South America is lightly populated compared with other continents. Patterns of people live along the edges of the continent – SE Buenos Aires in Argentina, Montevideo in Uruguay, and Rio de Janeiro and Recife in Brazil. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population Australia has the fewest number of people. They are concentrated along the eastern and southern coasts. (17.5 million people total on the entire continent. – as much as the NYC metro area) llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population North Pole llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population World Population by Continent llhammon Fall 2010

Population Density The number of people in a unit of space Example: 8,000 people per square mile

Population Density

World Geography Population Population Issues – The 20th century world population "explosion," from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 in 2000, was a direct result of the rapid decline in mortality rates in less developed countries. As death rates declined, life expectancy rose, leading to higher population. Population explosion issues: how to increase food supplies how to make better use of farmland how to improve eating habits and to take advantage of resources how to find new sources of food. llhammon Fall 2010

World Geography Population Food Supply The rate of population growth was more than the amount of food produced. More than 13 million to 18 million people die each year because they do not have a good diet. (35,000 a day; 24 a minute – most are children) More land is needed for agriculture Productive farming methods More productive farming techniques Using new food sources New sources of food Today 90% of the world’s food comes from 15 crops and 7 livestock animals. There are more than 10 million kinds of plants and animals on Earth. llhammon Fall 2010

PUSH & PULL FACTORS The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place. The pull factor is what draws people to a new location.

Migration – Push & Pull Factors Most people move because of economic or political reasons Pushed from a bad situation Less developed country Pulled to a better situation More developed country, access to resources, better economy People also move from rural to urban areas Huge demand on city infrastructure and economy Job market, living quarters

LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT & STANDARD OF LIVING

Birth & Fertility Rate Birth Rate: number of live births per 1000 people Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Death Rates Death (Mortality) Rate – number of deaths per 1000 people Infant Mortality Rate – number of deaths among infants under 1 year old, per 1000 live births

Rate of Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase: the percentage a population grows in one year Birth Rate minus Death Rate = Rate of Natural Increase

“The J Curve” What happened in the last 1000 years that enabled the population to grow so dramatically? Agricultural Revolution – better food, knowledge of farming Industrial Revolution – higher standard of living

Over Population Over Population: the number of people exceeds the resources available in an area Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Population Pyramids Graph that shows the percentage of population in certain age groups Separates Male and Female Allows you to make predictions

Deciphering Population Pyramids http://www.prb.org/Multimedia/Video/2009/distilleddemographics1.aspx In this first video, "Deciphering Population Pyramids," PRB senior demographer Carl Haub shows how population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's demographic profile. But what do they tell us about a country's past and future? "These videos not only show that demography can be exciting, but also highlight how population trends and issues affects the well-being of us all," says Haub. "Fertility, mortality, and migration—along with other demographic issues—play a major role in determining what kind of opportunities and challenges people face in their communities and countries."

Stage One High Birth Rate High Death Rate Result: slow growth rates Pre-industrial, hunter/gatherer societies in remote areas.

Stage Two High Birth Rate Low or Falling Death Rate Result: Rapid Growth Rate Very LOW Standard of Living Found In Least Developed Countries South America Southern Africa Asia

Stage Three Moderate to High Birth Rate Low Death Rate Result: Explosive Growth Rates Causes a large population increase, but standard of living remains low Developing Countries and the Newly Industrialized Countries Found In Countries: Mexico Southeast Asia Middle East

Stage Four Low birth rates Low death rates Result: slow or no growth rates Population slowly increases, with a high standard of living Developed Countries USA Canada Australia Europe

Stage Five Negative Birth Rate Low Death Rate NEGATIVE or NO GROWTH Low Death Rate Result: No growth, even population loss Population begins to shrink, usually has a high standard of living Found In “Post-Developed” Countries Germany Sweden Norway Italy

High fertility and mortality = broad base Rapid, Slow, Zero and Negative Population Growth http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/harvey/lect/images/agestructure.gif High fertility and mortality = broad base Low fertility and mortality = narrow base

Demographic Transition Model Complex line graph that categorizes a country based on: - Birth Rate - Death Rate - Population Growth Determines: 1) Growth, 2) Standard of Living, and 3) Level of industrialization

Key Questions and Terminology Key Questions: Where is the world’s population increasing and decreasing?  What do these measures tell us about a country’s population?  What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends? Population trends can be determined by the natural increase, fertility, and mortality. The natural increase rate (NIR) measures the population growth. It is computed by dividing the crude birth rate (CBR) by the crude death rate (CDR). The CBR is the total number of births for every 1,000 people in a year. The CDR is the total number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a year. Fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of births in a society; it is the average number of children that each woman has throughout their life. Mortality can be measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR) which is the number of deaths each year of infants under a year of age compared to the total number of births. Life expectancy which measures the average life span of a newborn can expect at current mortality levels.

The Demographic Transition

The Demographic Transition Stage One: CBR (Country Birth Rate) - very high CDR (Country Death Rate) - very high NRI (Natural Rate Increase) - low Population Growth: Low Movement from Stage One to Stage Two: MDC- Industrial Revolution LDC- Medical Revolution Stage Two: CBR- very high CDR- plummets NIR- high Population Growth: High Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three: Changes in Social customs and improved technology

Demographic Transition Stage Three: CBR: Drops quickly CDR: Falling put slower than before NIR: slows Population Growth: Moderate Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four: greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control Stage Four: CBR: low CDR: low NIR: low Population Growth: Low

Demographic Transition Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition: Stage One: A few remote groups Stage Two: Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde Stage Three: East Asia, Latin America, Middle East China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile Stage Four: Some in Western Europe to United Kingdom, Denmark Stage Five: Germany, United States, Japan

Demographic Transition Model

Summary The TFR or total fertility rate, and IMR or Infant mortal rate help compose each countries overall Natural Increase rate, or the percentage by which a population grows in a year. In LDC’s a lack of contraceptives contributes to the high fertility rate, poor health care, as well as unsanitary conditions lead to high mortality rates. This keeps LDC’s in stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition.  In MDC’s the IMR (infant mortality rate) has significantly decrease due to the industrial revolution which promoted sanitation and improved health care.   Due to the decreasing IMR, MDC’s began encouraging smaller families and an increase use of contraceptives decreased MDC’s overall total fertility rate. This lowering in the fertility rate helps MDC’s enter stage 4 of the demographic transition model where the population begins leveling off, and find an equilibrium.  However, MDC’s mortality rate is actually higher then that of LDC’s due to the fact that those living during prior stages of the demographic transition are beginning to die off.

Urban Development - 3 Basic Land Use Patterns Residential – Single family housing and apartments Commercial – Used for private businesses and retail. Industrial - Areas reserved for manufacturing

Important Terms Urban sprawl – Growth without planning and separating residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial areas CBD – Central Business District