The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 11 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 11 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  Factors affecting human population size  Managing population growth  Human population problems

Factors Affecting Human Population Size  Population change equation  Zero population growth (ZPG)  Crude birth rate (BR) = births per 1000 population  Crude birth rate (BR) = births per 1000 population  Crude death rate (DR) = deaths per 1000 population  Crude death rate (DR) = deaths per 1000 population Population Change Population Change = = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

Natural Rate of Increase <1% 1-1.9% 2-2.9% 3+% Data not available Annual world population growth Fig. 11.3, p. 240

Births per woman < No Data Fertility Rates  Replacement-level fertility  Total fertility rate (TFR) Fig. 11.8, p. 242

Factors Affecting BR and TFR  See bulleted list in text p. 243  US BR’s and TFR’s Births per thousand population Demographic transition Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom World War II Year Fig , p. 243 see Fig p. 243

Birth rate and fertility rate influenced by Importance of children as part of labor force Urbanization Cost of raising and education children Education and employment opportunities for women Infant mortality rate Average age at marriage

Birth rate and fertility rate influenced by Availability of pensions Availability of reliable birth control Availability of legal abortions Religious beliefs and traditions Cultural norms

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 <10-35 <36-70 < <100+ Data not available Useful indicators of overall health of a country  Life expectancy  Infant mortality rate (IMR) Fig , p. 246

Factors affecting death rates People live longer because of Increased food supplies and distribution Better nutrition Better health care - types of and access to medicine, immunizations, antibiotics, pre- natal care Improved sanitation and personal hygiene - prevents spread of infectious diseases that may kill early in life Safer water supplies prevents spread of infectious diseases that may kill early in life

Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase Developed Countries Rate per 1,000 people Year Rate of natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate = crude death rate Developed Countries Rate per 1,000 people Crude birth rate Rate of natural increase Crude death rate Year Fig , p. 245

Infant mortality is the death before the 1st birthday High infant mortality rate usually results from Insufficient food (undernutrition) Poor nutrition (malnutrition) High incidence of infectious diseases due to contaminated drinking water or poor sanitation

Ages 0-14 Ages Ages Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Male Female Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Population Age Structure Fig a, p. 247

Solutions: Influencing Population Size  Migration  Environmental refugees  Reducing births  Family planning  Empowerment of women  Economic rewards and penalties

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255 Pre-industrial -- high birth rate and high death rate (including high infant mortality rate), harsh living conditions

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255 Transitional - industrialization begins, trend to urbanization, food supply increases and health care is better, death rates drop BUT birth rates remain high

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255 Industrial - modernization becomes widespread, birth rates now drop to nearly equal death rate, pop growth is slow

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255 Post-Industrial - birth rates are now well below death rates Most European countries have entered this stage LDC MDC

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India  Poor planning  Bureaucratic inefficiency  Low status of women  Extreme poverty  Lack of support Generally disappointing results:

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China  Economic incentives  Free medical care  Preferential treatment  Intrusive and coercive  Locally administered Generally positive results:

Cutting Global Population Growth  Family planning  Reduce poverty  Elevate the status of women