Objective 1

 Parts of a microscope ­ arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base. base - this supports the microscope. body tube - the tube that supports the eyepiece. coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus. diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the stage, allowing different amounts of light onto the stage. eyepiece - where you place your eye. fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus (it is often smaller than the coarse focus knob). high-power objective - a large lens with high magnifying power. low-power objective - a small lens with low magnifying power. light source - this directs light upwards onto the slide. revolving nosepiece - the rotating device that holds the objectives (lenses). stage - the platform on which a slide is placed. stage clips - metal clips that hold a slide securely onto the stage.

 Recognize cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm of various types of cells.  Leeuwenhoek developed first microscope.  Hooke was first to see and name cells using his microscope.

 Cell: Basic unit of all living things.  Two types of cells: prokaryotic (don’t have membrane-bound nucleus) and eukaryotic (plant and animal cells, have membrane-bound nucleus)  Recognize key organelles in various cells (cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, cytoplasm, vacuole).

Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell Wall Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuole Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Plant Cell Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Cytoplasm

 Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not have cell walls.  Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes.

 Diffusion is particles moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

 Osmosis is water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane to maintain the correct balance in a cell.

 Diffusion: Think about food coloring moving in water, or air freshener sprayed in a room.  Osmosis: Remember the potatoes and carrots in salt water.

 Nucleus directs all functions of the cell, control center – has DNA.  Vacuole holds water and eliminates wastes in a plant cell.  Chloroplasts are where energy is generated in a plant cell through photosynthesis.  Cell membrane controls what goes into and out of a cell.  Cell wall- protects cell and gives cell structure.

Objective 2

 Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms  Cells are the most simple, organisms are most complex  Levels of Organization, from least complex to most complex: cells-tissues- organs-organ systems- organism

 Cell: Basic unit of all living things.  Two types of cells:  Prokaryote: Don’t have membrane-bound nucleus.  Eukaryote: plant and animal cells, have membrane-bound organelles

 Tissue: Group of the same kind of cells working together.

 Organ: Structure composed of two or more types of tissues working together.  Examples include the stomach, intestines, heart, lungs, skin, bones, kidneys and liver.

 Organ system: Group of organs that work together to do a certain job.

 Made up of: skin, hair  Exterior protection Respiratory System  Made up of: lungs, trachea, diaphragm  Take in oxygen (O 2 ), release carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  Made up of: stomach, intestines  Breaks down food-nutrients  Made up of: skeleton  Structure and support

 Made up of: muscles  Movement Nervous System  Made up of: brain, sense organs, nerves  Carry and interpret messages  Made up of: thyroid, pituitary  Regulate hormones  Made up of: heart, arteries  Circulate blood

 Made up of: Appendix, lymph nodes  Maintain health  Made up of: testes, ovaries  Produce offspring Excretory System  Made up of: kidney, colon  Remove waste

 Organism: Individual living thing that may be made up of two or more organ systems.  Characteristics of life include movement, growth and development, reproduction, use of energy, cellular structure and chemical makeup, response to stimuli, get rid of wastes

 Common organs are heart, lung, skin, kidney.  Cells are red blood cell, nerve cell, plant cell, muscle cell.  Organ systems (digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system).

Red Blood Cell Epithelial Liver Dog Respiratory System Organism Organ Cell Organ System Tissue

 Organ systems are made of individual organs that work together towards a common function  Organ systems work together for survival of organism  Example: circulatory system: heart, veins, arteries, and blood

 Lungs provide oxygen to cells, remove carbon dioxide from body  Kidneys remove wastes from cells  Stomach breaks down food to provide nutrients to cells  Skin protect organism from outside, sweat removes wastes through the pores