Levels of Organization Organ System 2 Organism 1 Cell 5 Organelle 6 Organ 3 Tissue 4 PAGE 3

What are the differences between plant & animal cells? circular shape square shape large vacuole centriole chloroplasts cell wall small vacuole PAGE 3

Biotic vs Abiotic PAGE 4 mushroom maple tree soil sunlight oxygen earthworm human PAGE 4

How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

Why do animals shed their skin?

Living Organisms have a Life Cycle 1. Begins with the organism’s formation 2. Followed by growth & development 3. Ends in death PAGE 4

B. Cells also have life cycles. C. The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next. PAGE 4

Red blood cells Skin cells It takes different cells different amounts of time to complete a cell cycle Some cells constantly repeat the cycle a. example: Red blood cells Skin cells PAGE 4

DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated Cell growth Interphase DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Cell prepares for division Metaphase Prophase Mitosis

Cell Division Responsible for: Growth Repair Replacement Reproduction PAGE 5

1. Mitosis a. Part of a larger cell cycle b. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells c. Responsible for growth and repair, replacement. d. Replaces the entire lining of the small intestine

Liver cells only divide for repairing 2) Nerve cells do not divide 3) New cells arise by division of existing cells; Resulting cell is capable to divide again

Mitosis Notes Cell division occurs in a series of stages or phases PAGE 6

Preparation for mitosis: Interphase not a part of mitosis genetic material is (doubled)duplicated.

CELL MEMBRANE Nucleus PAGE 6 Cytoplasm

Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell PAGE 6 Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

1. Prophase Mitosis begins nuclear envelope disappears chromosome pairs appear and spindle fibers form between the poles

Prophase Sister chromatids Centrioles Spindle fibers PAGE 6

Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Spindle fibers Centrioles Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

2. Metaphase Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers PAGE 6

Metaphase Centrioles PAGE 6 Spindle fibers

Metaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

3. Anaphase Chromosomes separate & are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase Centrioles Spindle fibers PAGE 6

Anaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

4. Telophase nuclear envelope forms again chromosomes begin to separate begin to see two cells mitosis ends

Telophase Nuclei Nuclei Chromatin

Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides cell membrane moves inward (animal cell) to create 2 daughter cells each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei

Cytokinesis (animal cell)

Cytokinesis:Pinching In ANIMAL CELLS

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides cell plate forms in the middle of the cell (plant cell) each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei

Cytokinesis (plant cell)

Cytokinesis: Cell plate ANIMAL CELLS

Pink Mice Are Totally Cute

Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/MitosisFlash.html

Mitosis in Plants

Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase                                                              Prophase                                                              Metaphase                                                              Anaphase                                                              Telophase                                                             

Plant Mitosis -- Review Interphase                                                              Prophase                                                              Metaphase                                                              Anaphase                                                              Telophase                                                             

2. Meiosis a. Cell divides twice to become a gamete (sex cell) b. Will not divide any further until fertilization.

E. There are two types of reproduction among living organisms. PAGE 8

1. Asexual Reproduction – a new organism is produced from one organism. a. The new organism has hereditary material identical to the parent. PAGE 8

PAGE 8 Name of organism Type of Asexual Reproduction potato budding Strawberry plant runners Hydra Sea star, planaria, sponges regeneration PAGE 8

F. Sexual Reproduction 1. Two sex cells join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism that is not identical to the parents. There are two types of sex cells. Page 9

1. Sperm are made in the male reproductive organs, called the testes. 2. Eggs are made in the female reproductive organs called the ovaries. Eggs Page 9

This is called fertilization. 3. Sperm + Egg zygote This is called fertilization. + haploid + haploid = diploid 23 + 23 = 46 Page 9

46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes Cells Body Sex Diploid Haploid 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes Page 10

Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals through sexual reproduction. 2. Meiosis – produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell, this makes sure that offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms. Page 10

3.What is the difference between diploid & haploid? a. diploid – cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs (2n) b. haploid – cell that has half (n) the number of chromosomes as body cells. Page 10

46 Chromosomes (diploid) 23 Chromosomes (haploid) Heart Cell Draw this table in your notes on the bottom of page 10. 46 Chromosomes (diploid) 23 Chromosomes (haploid) Heart Cell Muscle Cell Stomach Cell Liver Cell Egg Cell Skin Cell Sperm Cell Page 10

Let’s Practice! Organism Diploid Number Haploid Number Mouse 20 Chicken 78 Tomato 12 Housefly Human 46 40 39 24 6 23 Page 11

Deoxyribonucleic Acid What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains the genetic information: located in the nucleus Shape of it is a double helix: looks like a spiral staircase DNA is made up of many repeating units called nucleotides Twisted ladder Nitrogenous Base Phosphate group 5 carbon sugar

DNA Structure – Watson and Crick (1953) Rosalind Franklin X-Ray photo of DNA (1952)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

What is a nucleotide? Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G Sugar (5 carbon) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (there are four bases) Cytosine C Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G

Each base has a compliment Each base has a compliment. That means that it normally bonds with another base. For example: A always bonds with T C always bonds with G These four bases are abbreviated by using their respective first letters.

Phosphate group A T 5 carbon sugar Hydrogen bond T A C G C G Nitrogenous base nucleotide

Let’s Practice C- G- T- C- T- A- A- T- G-G- G C A T T- C- G- A- C-C- A Original Strand Complimentary Strand

Chromosome Number

Transcription Translation Protein Trait DNA RNA RNA processing

Making Proteins DNA RNA Protein Step 1: DNA replication Step 2: RNA synthesis (Using a piece of DNA to make RNA, called transcription) Step 3: Amino acids form proteins (called translation) DNA RNA Protein

RNA Contains the sugar ribose Is single-stranded Contains the sugar ribose Has the base U (uracil) instead of T (thymine) There are 3 types: mRNA – messenger RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA tRNA – transfer RNA

Making a protein from the plans in the DNA is a two step process. Transcription: A messenger RNA copy of the gene is made. Translation: The mRNA is sent to a ribosome where a protein is made.