All Living Things are Made Up of Cells Smallest unit capable of all life functions Unicellular Organisms Entire organism is made up of one single cell Bacteria and protists

Multicellular Organisms The organism is made up of many cells Cells have specialized functions within the organism

All living things are made of cells All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell, including: Intake of nutrients movement Growth Response to stimuli Exchange of gases Waste removal Reproduction

Plant Cell nucleus rough endoplasmic nucleolus reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum chromatin ribosomes (small brown dots) central vacuole Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton cytoplasm mitochondrion cell membrane chloroplast cell wall wall of adjacent cell

Animal Cell Vacuole

Nucleus Brain of the cell Office of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules

Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office? Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules

Inside the nucleus we see… Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomes Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next

Nucleolus Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

Ribosomes Most important function of cell is… Making proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different things Like… Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Internal membrane system The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell 2 types Smooth ER Rough ER

Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it? ribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the RER too

Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have specialized tasks What do enzymes do? Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs Liver cells Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?

Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Function: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destination They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave factory

Lysosomes (The factory’s clean-up crew It’s an Organelle filled with enzymes Function: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central vacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures

Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles… Paramecium Contractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out…this maintains what? homeostasis

What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more? ENERGY!!!!

Two ways cells get energy… From food molecules From the sun

Mithochondria Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!

Chloroplasts Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESIS Like solar power for plants 2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorphyll

Organelle DNA Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info In form of small DNA molecules

Cytoskeleton Supporting structure and transportation system Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move 2 main type of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments

Cell parts and their functions Cytoplasm The living material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus. It helps give a cell its shape. Most of the functions take place within the cytoplasm Cell membrane A thin covering that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell Helps give the cell its shape Allows materials to enter and leave the cell Helps keep the cell material together

How are plant cells different from animal cells? Plant cells and animal cells are not exactly alike. Plant cells have certain parts that animal cells do not have. These parts are a cell wall and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts: are found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is needed by green plants for food-making. The food-making process of green plants is called photosynthesis. Most chlorophyll is found in the leaf cells of green plants Cell wall: the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. The cell wall is made of a nonliving material called cellulose. The cell wall is more rigid (stiff) than the cell membrane. It gives a plant cell its stiffness. It also gives it its shape

The “ins and outs” of the cell membrane Substances must be able to get into and out of a cell in order for the cell to do its job. The passage of these materials takes through the cell membrane by a process called diffusion. In diffusion, some molecules may pass through tiny holes in the membrane. Others are carried across the membrane by special “carrier molecules”.

The “ins and outs” of the cell membrane The molecules that are diffusing move to whichever side that the has a lower concentration of that kind of molecule. For example, dissolved nutrients and oxygen tend to move into the cell. Dissolved wastes, such as carbon dioxide, tend to move out of the cell The movement of water through a membrane is called osmosis