1 -nucleus -chromosome -cell membrane-cytoplasm -mitochondria-ER (see below) -ribosome-Golgi Bodies -lysosomes-vacuole -chloroplast-cell wall -endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

2 On the back – write your name, the date and the period. Copy the goal onto the back as well… Goal: Understand the structure and function of cell organelles

3 Nucleus  The “brain” of the cell  Controls all of the cellular activities  DNA is inside the nucleus

4 CHROMOSOMES- Chromosomes – carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have are found inside the nucleus Nucleus

5 DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

6 DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine(C) cytosine (T) thymine(G) guanine DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

7 CELL MEMBRANE  holds the cell together  keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell  controls what goes in and out of the cell Example:like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it

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9 CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus

10 CYTOPLASM cytoplasm

11 MitochondriaMitochondria  Mito = Mighty / Power  The Power-House of the cell  They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live  If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria

12 Endoplasmic Reticulum  also known as the “ER”  it is an organelle inside the cell consisting of a network of membranes within cytoplasm that’s important in building proteins  Transportation and highway of cell  There are two different Smooth ER Rough ER

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15 **The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane 1)If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent out of the cell……or (exocytosis) 2)If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell MOVEMENT of VESICLES

16 Draw an ER and put dots on it for ribosome illustration

17 small dot-like structures in cells they are often associated with forming rough ER Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells they are made in the nucleus of the cell A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute Ribosomes

18 Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA) These molecules are arranged into two subunits These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots Ribosome Structure

19 Types of Ribosomes There are two kinds of ribosomes 1) Attached to the rough ER 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm

20 GOLGI APPARATUS WHAT DOES IT DO? - it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. Aka: Golgi Complex or Golgi Bodies It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes

21 Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).

22 Golgi apparatus

23 LYSOSOMES (primarily animal) They combine with the food taken in by the cell The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria

24 LYSOSOMES When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) –Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally –“Suicide Sacs” –UV light damages lysosome membrane The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it

25 LYSOSOMES

26 Lysosome Animation

27 VACUOLE Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

28 VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS Vacuoles in plants support structure Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination

29 VACUOLE CONT’D So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together.

30 You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over HOLDING UP THE WALLS

31 Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells

32 Chloroplast

33 the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells disk-like structures composed of a single membrane surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks Chloroplast

34 SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast

35 Chloroplast photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast Photosynthesis- the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food

36 No energy transformation is 100% efficient Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light) Chloroplast

37 Cell Wall - Rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants -gives the plant cell a rigid boxlike shape -gives support and protection for the cell - Allows things to pass through and is lined with a cell membrane

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39 Assignment Part A (slides 1-11) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell? 2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus? 3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane 4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it.

40 Assignment Part B (slides 11-23) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of the cell? 2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body. 3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER. 4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?

41 Assignment Part C (slides 23-) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. What is the main function of a lysosome? 3. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? 2. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS? 4. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?

42 Assignment Part D (slides 23-) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells. 2. What is the main function of a centriole? 3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell. 4. What do ribosomes make?