10.1 Cell Growth, Division and Reproduction

Limits to Cell Size Cell Division – 2 daughters Large cells, more demands What is information overload? Exchanging materials Surface area to vol. ratio Trouble getting in and out Cell Division – 2 daughters

Cell Division and Reproduction Asexual Reproduction One parent No Fuss, No Muss Quick and Efficient (Survival) Sexual Reproduction Two Parents Gametes (sex cells) Genetic Variation Limit seasonal reproduction

10.2 The Process of Cell Division

Chromosomes Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Why is it necessary for cells to have their info bundled? What is the role of the chromosome in cell division? To separate DNA precisely during cell division Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Amt. of DNA – Where located DNA Coils Histone proteins

The Cell Cycle Grows Prepares for Division Divides (two daughter cells) Prokaryotes Rapid (binary fission) Copy DNA (when they reach a certain size)

The Cell Cycle Eukaryotes Four phases G1 phase Cell Growth S phase DNA replication G2 phase Prep for Mitosis M phase Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis Prophase Condense, chromosomes visible, spindle Centromere (chrom. Attach.) Chromatid (sisters) Centrioles (related to spindle)

Mitosis Metaphase Anaphase Centromeres line up in the center Spindles attach to centromeres Two poles Anaphase Chromatids separate Move to opposites ends

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase (end of mitosis) Opposite of Prophase Chromosome spread out Nuclear envelope reappears Spindle breaks up Nucleolus reappears Cytokinesis Div. of cytoplasm Plants vs. Animals Animal Cell Plant Cell

10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle

Controls on Cell Division Regulated by Proteins When you have an injury cells must divide to repair Regulatory Proteins or cyclins. Internal regulators External regulators (IR) Make sure chromosomes are duplicated (IR)Programmed cell death Apoptosis Development Parkinson’s (ER) Growth Factors – due to injury (ER) Growth Inhibitors so cells do not get too crowded

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth Disorder where cells lose control of growth Do not respond to normal signals Tumor – not all are cancerous Malignant or Benign Defective genes (p53) Treatments Local, radiation, chemotherapy

10.4 Cell Differentiation

From One Cell to Many Embryo – Developmental stage Differentiation – cells specialized Can be mapped Determines when a cell becomes specialized Mammals have factors that give them flexibility as to when specialization occurs

Stem Cells and Development Types of cells in Development Totipotent (all cells) Blastocyst forms Inner cell mass Pluripotent (most cells) Embryonic stem cells Multipotent (many types) Adult stem cells Depends on where the come from