Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A. (Cortex) C. D(LOBE). E. Cortex F. G.

Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A C. D. E. F. G. B. Frontal Lobe G. Parietal Lobe F. Occipital Lobe D. Temporal Lobe A. Motor Cortex E. Visual Cortex C. Wernicke's Area

The Divided Brain

Which way is the girl spinning?

What if you saw her… Spinning Clockwise – Your right brain is your dominant side Spinning Counter- Clockwise – Your left brain is your dominant side Anyone see both?!?! This means you use both sides of your brain equally but most likely, one way was easier to see

Left/Right Hemisphere Specialization Analytic thought – Step by step process Logic – Conclusions based upon a logical or consecutive order Language – Using words to name/describe/define Math & Science – Number use, awareness of time, symbols, facts & linear reasoning Holistic thought – Seeing “big” picture before understanding details Intuition – Insight based upon incomplete patterns or “hunches” Creativity – Demonstrative with minimal word use, understanding relationships Art & Music – Putting pieces together to form “wholes” LEFT RIGHT Lesson Outline

The Cerebral Cortex is divided into two hemispheres In general = Left Hemispherelanguage abilities logical analysis Left Hemisphere: language abilities –speaking, reading, writing logical analysis - math Right Hemisphereunderstanding spatial relationships recognizing faces and interpreting facial expressions and perceiving and expressing emotion Right Hemisphere: understanding spatial relationships – puzzles, reading maps = recognizing faces and interpreting facial expressions and perceiving and expressing emotion = likes art and music Lateralization: Division of functions between sides of the brain right controls left and vice versa Often one side is better at certain tasks than The other side

Corpus Callosum Helps the two sides communicate with each other – Sometimes this has to be removed (usually seen in people with epilepsy) – Sometimes a whole side of the brain has to be removed hemispherectomy They are then called Split Brain Patients – They actually have two separate brains in their heads, and one brain has no idea what the other is doing – However, through plasticity most sbp will find ways to get their hemispheres to communicate

Split-Brain Discoveries Ability to speak resides almost exclusively in Left Hemisphere (word recognition) Ability to recognize faces resides almost exclusively in Right Hemisphere (Archimbaldo paintings) “Don’t leave home without your left hemisphere!” - Michael Gazzaniga “The great pleasure and feeling in my right brain is more than my left brain can find the words to tell you.” - Roger Sperry Lesson Outline Vision Diagram

Stare at the dot…. HEART Which word did you see??

Testing the Divided Brain Sperry and Gazzaniga – tested split brain patients

Vision - Part 1 Right side of your brain controls your Left body functions Left side of your brain controls your Right body functions Each eyeball is divided into 2 parts –Right Visual Field –Left Visual Field Right Hemisphere receives visual info from LVF only Left Hemisphere receives visual info from RVF only

Split Brain Patients

Genetics? 90% of humans are right-handed 95% right-handers process speech primarily in left hemisphere Babies- Left vs. Right Left-Handers- reading disabilities, allergies, and migraine headaches, musicians, mathematicians, professional baseball players, and cricket players Coren & Halpern- left-handed people decrease with age

Decreasing Left-handers

Endocrine System

regulates Explain Section 39-2 by means of the Growth Water balance ReproductionMetabolism Calcium and glucose levels Response to stress The Endocrine System Pituitary Ovaries TestesThyroidPancreasAdrenals Parathyroids

Hypothalamus The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands. Parathyroid glands These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood. Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development. Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress. Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles. Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics Section 39-1 Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine System Exocrine glands - transport their hormones to target tissues via ducts. Endocrine Emergencies: – from common: Diabetes to the unusual: – Thyrotoxicosis

Classification of Hormones Peptide hormones formed from chains of amino acids most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones longer chains are called protein hormones example is growth hormone Steroid hormones type of lipid derived from cholesterol example is testosterone Biogenic amines small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid example is thyroid hormone

Pituitary Gland Master gland – Controls the other endocrine glands Growth Hormone (GH) – Too much – gigantism – Too little – dwarfism Antidiuretic (ADH) – Stimulates kidneys to keep water

Hypothalamus Part of brain and attached to pituitary Controls pituitary secretions

Thyroid Regulates Metabolism and energy balance

Thyroid Hormones Thyroxine – Regulates body energy usage Calcitonin – One hormones that regulates calcium and phosphate in blood

Parathyroid

Calcium Regulation PARAthyroid Glands PTH-Parathyroid hormones Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in intestines. Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from urine by kidneys Increases the making of Vitamin D in body

Adrenal Gland Releases hormones to deal with stress

Adrenal Gland Cont. Cortex – Produces more than 2 dozen steroid hormones – corticosteriods Medulla – “fight or flight” – Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pancreas: Endocrine and Exocrine What did the pancreas do in digestion? Secreted Enzymes Pancreas also secretes hormones Endocrine glands - ductless organ that releases hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream.

Reproductive Glands Production of gametes Secretion of sex hormones Female – Ovaries - Estrogen Males – Testes - Testosterone