APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS by Trey Lightsey 2010 Annual Meeting & Technical Conference A&WMA – Southern Section Renaissance Riverview Plaza Hotel

Regulatory Overview – Timeline 2000 – Clinton EPA will regulate mercury from coal-fired utility boilers under Section 112 of the CAA (Clean Air Act) 2004 – Bush EPA decides that listing coal-fired utility boilers under Section 112 of the CAA was ‘in error’ 2005 – Bush EPA issues CAMR (Clean Air Mercury Rule) delisting EGUs from Section 112 of the CAA and establishing a mercury trading program 2008 – DC Court of Appeals vacates CAMR 2009 – Obama EPA will develop emission standards for HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants) under Section 112 of the CAA and announces an ICR (Info Collection Request) to collect HAP data from utility boilers 2011 – Per a consent decree, a draft of the HAPs Utility MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) is due in March which will set final emission limits by November 2014 – All affected utilities must be in compliance with the HAPs Utility MACT by November (3 years post-submittal of the final rule)

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Overview –15 TMFS (Thermo Mercury Freedom Systems) Hg CEMS were implemented at 6 coal-fired steam plants as part of the vacated CAMR. –7 Hg CEMS were relocated to wet stacks with the addition of FGDs. –Each Hg CEMS was certified per the vacated CAMR which included a cycle (response) time test, a 3 pt linearity, a 3 pt system integrity check, a calibration error test (7 day drift) and a RATA. –Daily, weekly, quarterly and annual QA/QC (including 30B RATAs for annual recertification) is being performed. –Efforts similar to the APC Strategy for Hg CEMS are necessary to advance source monitoring technology and to set realistic maintenance and budgeting expectations ahead of implementing new Utility MACTs and other monitoring requirements. There will be lessons learned from Hg CEMS that will apply to other HAPs monitoring.

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – TMFS

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – RATAs – Method 30B –A known volume of flue gas is extracted from a stack/duct through paired, sorbent media traps at a pre-determined flow rate; the traps are recovered from the sampling system and analyzed by any suitable determinative technique that can measure total vapor phase mercury and meet performance criteria – Sampling –APC field services performs the sampling portion of the RATA using 2-bed, iodated, activated carbon traps from Ohio Lumex –Sorbent trap sampling system is an Apex XC-6000EPC –Method 4 moisture determination using an Apex XC-40 console – Analysis –APC field services using an Ohio Lumex RA-915+ Zeeman Mercury Spectrometer with RP-M324 attachment –APC environmental test lab using a Leco AMA254 Mercury Analyzer

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Sampling Flue gas Quartz cotton 1 Quartz cotton 2 Sorbent bed 1 Sorbent bed 2

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Sampling

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Analysis Method 30B Data Input

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Analysis

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.1 Ex.1 is an 800MW unit that burns mainly Columbian coal and is equipped with an SCR and FGD Initially, the Hg CEMS was located on an exterior duct leading to a single lined, dry stack downstream of an SCR The dry duct hourly Hg concentrations varied in the 2 – 8ug/scm range during the certified period (Jun 09’ – Sep 09’) and depended primarily upon operating variables (load, fan/flow, coal variations, PCD operation, etc.) There was 99+% data availability* during the certified period on the dry duct The Hg CEMS is currently located in the annulus space of a single-lined wet stack downstream of all PCDs (SCR and FGD) at an elevation of ~500’ft The wet stack hourly Hg concentrations have varied in the 0.1 – 4ug/scm range since certification in Jun 10’ Currently maintaining 99+% data availability* on the wet stack * availability is based on hourly averages; an available hour is one in which a previous 24hr (daily calibration) was successful and there are at least 2 minutes of valid data in each of the 4 hourly quadrants

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.1 RATA results - DRY performed on 6/17/09; FGD performed on 6/29/10

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.2 Ex.2 is a 750MW unit that burns mainly Western PRB coal and is equipped with an SCR and FGD Initially, the Hg CEMS was located in the annulus space of a dual-lined dry stack downstream of an SCR The dry stack hourly Hg concentrations varied in the 2 – 12ug/scm range during the certified period (Aug 08’ – May 10’) and depended primarily upon operating variables (load, fan/flow, coal variations, PCD operation, etc.) There was 87+% data availability* during the certified period on the dry stack The Hg CEMS is currently located in the annulus space of a dual-lined wet stack downstream of all PCDs (SCR and FGD) at an elevation of ~500’ft The wet stack hourly Hg concentrations have varied in the 2 – 6ug/scm range since certification in May 10’ Currently maintaining 98+% data availability* on the wet stack * availability is based on hourly averages; an available hour is one where a previous 24hr (daily calibration) was successful and there are at least 2 minutes of valid data in each of the 4 hourly quadrants

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.2 RATA Results – DRY performed on 7/28/09; FGD performed on 5/12/10

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.3 Ex.3 is a 900MW unit that burns mainly Alabama coal and is equipped with an SCR and FGD Initially, the Hg CEMS was located on an exterior duct leading to a single lined, dry stack downstream of an SCR The dry duct hourly Hg concentrations varied in the 2 – 10ug/scm range during the certified period (June 08’ – Aug 09’) and depended primarily upon operating variables (load, fan/flow, coal variations, PCD operation, etc.) There was 85+% data availability* during the certified period on the dry duct The Hg CEMS is currently located in the annulus space of a single-lined wet stack downstream of all PCDs (SCR and FGD) at an elevation of ~500’ft The wet stack hourly Hg concentrations have varied in the 0.1 – 5ug/scm range since certification in Apr 10’ Currently maintaining 93+% data availability* on the wet stack * availability is based on hourly averages; an available hour is one in which a previous 24hr (daily calibration) was successful and there are at least 2 minutes of valid data in each of the 4 hourly quadrants

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.3 RATA Results – DRY performed on 8/4/09; FGD performed on 3/31/10

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.4 Ex.4 is comprised of (2) 300MW units that burn mainly Alabama coal and is equipped with an ESP (only) The Hg CEMS is located in the annulus space of a single-lined dry stack downstream of the ESP at an elevation of ~300’ft The dry stack hourly Hg concentrations have varied in the 10 – 30ug/scm range since certification in Jan 09’ and depend primarily upon load and coal variations Currently maintaining 90+% data availability* on the dry stack * availability is based on hourly averages; an available hour is one in which a previous 24hr (daily calibration) was successful and there are at least 2 minutes of valid data in each of the 4 hourly quadrants

APC Strategy for Mercury CEMS – Ex.4

Lessons Learned, Challenges and Next Steps Mercury removal (generally) occurs in the FGD (absorber solution) when gaseous phase Hg 0 is oxidized to Hg 2+ by halogens present in/injected on the coal, by an SCR catalyst or through an air pre-heater ahead of the FGD Additionally, ACI (activated carbon injection), e.g. directly into an ESP, removes Hg from the flue via the same chemi-adsorption principles that bind Hg to the activated carbon in sorbent traps High SO 2 and PM generally equates to more maintenance/issues for Hg CEMS; systems with PCDs (especially FGDs) generally require less maintenance Hg CEMS use N 2 as a diluent requiring (>100psi) for N 2 generation further necessitating either air compressors (and additional maintenance) or a greater burden on plant air Probes require high heat for Hg 2+ conversion and to ensure that Hg will not bind to components making probes difficult/tedious/expensive to maintain Analyzers require high intensity UV lamps that continue to experience issues and present challenges Probe controller components are very susceptible to lightning and power surges Hg CEMS may experience considerable downtime and non-availability after maintenance/troubleshooting while the system ‘settles out’ Calibrator traceability protocols were created to ensure accurate, NIST traceable, field reference calibrators Currently, TMFS calibrators can achieve (down to) 2.5ug/scm limiting system ranges to 0-10ug/scm in order to accommodate regulatory QA/QC Vendors such as Ohio Lumex offer upgrades that will significantly lower MDLs for carbon trap analysis Work continues on the development of a portable Hg CEMS and instrumental reference method (30A) that will allow for real-time and direct comparison of Hg CEMS