Skin Problems – infections, allergies, or damages Ch 4 Integument System Warning: Graphic Pictures

1. Athlete’s Foot – mostly from fungal infection

2. Boils & Carbuncles Bacterial infection & inflammation of hair follicle. Boil = 1 Carbuncle = several connected boils

3. Black & Whiteheads Blackheads - oil and dead skin cells trapped in a oil pore, makeup Whiteheads - flesh-or white-colored bumps due to skin pore blockage; blockage is deeper than blackhead (covered w/epithelium)

4. Cold Sores Caused by Herpes simplex virus I Common, contagious, incurable

5. Contact Dermatitis Inflammatory response – red, itchy rash Non-contagious Chronic – long term, reoccuring Caused by contact with allergens or irritants, exposure to sunlight, or by poor circulation, even stress.

6. Impetigo Crusting skin infection Caused by staph and strep germs Pus filled blisters Highly contagious

7. Psoriasis Chronic – arms, knees, elbows, scalp Red patches covered with white scales Unknown cause; some think autoimmune disorder Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

8. Cyanosis Blue skin, membranes, and/or nails Due to reduced oxygen in blood

9. Burns Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers - Dehydration - Electrolyte imbalance - Circulatory shock

Rules of Nines Way to determine the extent of burns Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimate Each area represents ~ 9%

Burns are CRITICAL if… Over 25% of body has 2 nd degree Over 10% has 3 rd degree 3 rd degree burns on face, hands, and/or feet Scald Burn Heat Burn Chemical Electrical Sunburn Contact Burn Inhale Burn

10. Skin Cancer Abnormal cell mass Two types 1. Benign -does not spread (encapsulated) 2. Malignant -Metastasized (moves) to other parts of body Skin cancer is most common type of cancer.

3 types of Malignant Skin Cancer A. Basal cell carcinoma - least malignant - Most common -Arises from stratum basale B. Squamous Cell Carcinoma --arises from stratum spinosum -Metastasizes to lymph nodes -Early removal allows a good chance of cure

C. Malignant Melanoma -Most deadly -Cancer of melanocytes -Metastasizes rapidly to lymph & blood vessels -Detection uses ABCD rule.

ABCD Rule A = Asymmetry –Two sides of pigmented mole do not match B = Border irregularity –Borders of mole are not smooth C = Color –Different colors in pigmented area D = Diameter –Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

Pigmentation Disorders

Albinism Genetic recessive

Hyperpigmentation too much sun drug reactions poor nutrition

Vitilgo autoimmune disorder linked hyperthyroidism & Addison's Disease, which affects the adrenal gland.

Lichen simplex chronicus psychological syndrome compulsive need to scratch dark, leathery skin scarring & infection

Lamellar ichthyosis (fish scale disease) Genetic?

Melasma Pregnancy mask Lupus (autoimmune)

Normal Discolorations Moles - collection of melanocytes Freckles – some cells make more melanin than others; uneven suntan. Lentigines - Age spots, sun spots, liver spots - harmless, flat, brown discolorations on the hands, neck & face 40+ yrs; too much sun Birthmarks – pigmented areas or dilated blood vessels