SynGas Gasifier ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Technology Presentation

COAL GASIFICATION versus COAL COMBUSTION

Basic Gasification Technology Dry Feed Entrained Flow Gasifier using: –Pyrolysis – Thermal conversion or destruction of organics in the absence of oxygen (reducing atmosphere). –Gasification – Thermal conversion of organic materials at elevated temperatures and reducing conditions to produce syngas (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide) –Steam Reformation – Vaporized water (steam) added to carbon creates syngas (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide)

From: NREL:Biomass Gasification Overview, Richard L. Bain, January 28, 2004

Provisional Patent Effective Date: April 11, 2006 Patent Pending Effective Date:

Exclusive Patent Rights Assigned To Thermal Conversions, LLC

175 dry ton per day Gasification Plant

Coal 12,500 BTU Syngas Variable gas compositions available depending upon operation parameters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Methane Other Ash –Sulfur –Silica –Mercury –Chlorine –Sodium, etc Removed Heat up to 1800° F Pressure 80 psi Plus Ionized Water Injection Gasification Feed for Chemical/ Refinery Processes and Electrical Generation

Energy Mass Balance (Btu Basis)

Syngas composition operating range for pyrolysis/steam reforming system which includes the range of H2:CO most desirable for production of synthesis fuels. Data collected on pilot scale pyrolysis/steam reforming system operated on biomass feedstock. (Schuetzle, et al. 2007)

Gasification Chemistry The following chemical equations describe the process that takes place in the conversion of coal or other carbonaceous fuels into synthesis gas.

Process Equations Combustion with Oxygen: C + O 2 ↔ CO 2 Gasification with Oxygen: 2C + O 2 ↔ 2CO Gasification with Carbon Dioxide: C + CO 2 ↔ 2CO Gasification with Steam: C + H 2 O ↔ CO + H 2 Gasification with Hydrogen: C + 2H 2 ↔ CH 4 Water Gas Shift Reaction: CO + H 2 O ↔ H 2 + CO 2 Methanation Reaction: CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O

SynGas Gasifier Unique Equations NO x Emission Control: CO + NO x +H 2 O ↔ O 2 CNO + H 2 O 2 Reaction creates Nitroxyl reactive ions and hydrogen peroxide vapor which provides additional quench water purification and final Nitroxyl precipitation into water filters.

SynGas Gasifier Unique Equations Continued Sulfur Emission Control: CO + SO x +H 2 O ↔ O 2 CSO + H 2 O 2 Reaction creates Sulfinoxyl reactive ions and hydrogen peroxide vapor which provides additional quench water purification and final Sulfinoxyl precipitation into water filters.

SynGas Gasifier Unique Equations Continued Metals Emission Control: O - x + M ↔ MO x Ionized oxygen reaction creates metal oxides which are coagulated and precipitated into water filters.

Major US Gasification System Vendors and Projects E-GAS ConocoPhillips – Upflow, wet fed (slurry) GE Energy – Downflow, wet fed (slurry) Shell Gasification – Upflow, dry fed All use an entrained flow oxygen-blown system of gasification ConocoPhillips (Global Energy/PSI Wabash River) and GE Energy (Tampa Electric Polk Station) have demonstrated and proven technology in commercial scale IGCC plants

Technology Name/ Design Feature GE Energy (formerly Texaco) E-Gas (ConocoPhillips) ShellSynGas Gasifier Feed SystemCoal in Water Slurry Dry coal, Lock Hopper & Pneumatic Conveying Dry (As Received) Coal, Air lock Drag Conveyor Gasifier Configuration Single Stage DownflowTwo Stage UpflowSingle Stage Upflow4 Stage Horizontal Circular Flow Gasifier WallRefractory Membrane WallInconel Pressure (psig) Up to NotesOffered as Quench or with Heat Recovery Currently only offered with Heat Recovery Quench Only Comparison with Major Entrained Flow Gasifiers Reference: Publication No. LFEE WP MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment

Fischer Tropsch Liquid Fuels Process

The Fischer Tropsch Process

Tax Credits SynGas gasification projects can qualify for several tax credits: –Investment tax credits –Clean coal technology –Alternative fuels –Bio-mass conversion –Waste conversion –Job creation

PC Emissions Improvements

IGCC Power Plant Mass Flow

Power Plant Efficiency Efficiency is defined as the amount of electrical energy produced for sale as a fraction of the amount of fuel consumed in the process, expressed as a percentage. Conventional – 32 to 37 % Supercritical – 35 to 43 % Ultra-supercritical – 45 % potential Circulating Fluidized Bed – 29 to 34 % IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) – 37 to 43 % with potential of 50 %

Electricity Flow, 2005 (Quadrillion Btu) % 34.9% 31.3%

Efficiency in Electricity Generation by Process

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CO 2 Emission Sources

Bio- Mass SynGas Flame