Unit 13 Infection Control Pages 297-347

Understanding IC Microorganisms = microbes and must be seen with a microscope Nonpathogens = ( normal flora ) which are microbes that are beneficial to us and certain body processes Pathogens = microbes that can cause disease RARE= Sometimes nonpathogens can become pathogens when the bodies immune system is compromised or if the nonpathogen enters an area where the body is not used to it

Bacteria ( Cocci ) Simple and one celled Multiply Rapidly Diplococci = (paired) Gonorrhea, Meningitis, and Pneumonia Streptococci = (chained) Strep Throat Staphylococci = (clustered) Staph Infections, Boils, Wound Infections, Toxic Shock

Bacteria ( Bacilli ) Rod Shaped w/wout Flagella In Spore Form hard to kill Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Botulism, Diptheria, and Typhoid.

Bacteria (Spirilla) Comma Shaped = Vibrio Corkscrew Shaped = Spirochete Syphilis and Cholera

Common Treatment of Bacteria Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria Over a period of years and lack of new Antibiotics, some forms of Bacteria have become immune to the antibiotics we use today

Protozoa One Celled animal like often found in decaying materials and contaminated water Some can cause Malaria, Amebic Dysentery, Trichomonas, and African Sleeping Sickness

Fungi Simple plant like organisms that usually live on dead organic matter Yeasts and Molds are two common forms that can be pathogenic Ringworm, Tinea Pedis, Histoplasmosis,Yeast Vaginitis, and Thrush * Antibiotics Do Not Kill Fungus Antifungal Meds are very expensive and you have to take them for a very long time and watch for liver damage

Rickettsia Parasite in nature and cannot live outside the host Found in Fleas, Lice, Ticks, and Mites Typhus Fever and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Antibiotics are used for treatment

VIRUS Smallest and only visible w Electron Microscope Cannot Reproduce unless in the host cell Spread Human to Human by blood and body secretions Viruses are very hard to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants and not affected by antibiotics Common Cold, Measles, Mumps, Chicken Pox, Herpes, Warts, Influenza, and Polio

VIRUS HBV Hepatitis B ( Blood Borne ) HBV that affects the liver and can lead to permanent damage and scarring S/S Fever, Pain, Flu-Like Symptoms, ??? Vaccine does exist and is mandatory in Healthcare Facilities

VIRUS HCV Hepatitis C Virus Blood to Blood and Blood Containing Body Fluids Many are Asymptomatic Most are Vague like HBV Can cause very serious liver damage No current vaccine Both HCV and HBV can survive on surfaces for several days

AIDS and HIV Suppresses the Immune System Cannot fight infections or cancers Nonpathogens can become pathogenic in nature No Cure Vaccine is currently being trialed EVERYONE is at Risk in the Healthcare Environment

Microorganisms Aerobic ( Needs O2) Anaerobic ( Does Not Need 02) Some pathogens produce toxins that can damage the nervous system Others can cause an allergic response Others can seek and destroy living cells

Infection and Disease Class Endogenous Originates in the body Metabolic Disorders Congenital Abnormalities Tumors Infections caused within the body

Exogenous originates outside the body Pathogens that attack the body Radiation Chemical Agents Trauma Electric Shock Temperature Extremes

Nosocomial Acquired in the Hospital or Healthcare Facility Usually transmitted from the Healthcare Worker to the patients Many are Antibiotic Resistant Can be Life Threatening

Opportunistic Infections that occur when the body is weakened Kaposi’s Sarcoma Pneumocycstis Carinii Pneumonia

Conditions for Spreading Causative Agent Reservoir ( can include Fomites ) Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host

1 Causative Agent The pathogen, bacteria, fungus, or virus that can cause infection

2 Reservoir It must find a place to live Human Body Animals Environment Fomites = objects contaminated with the infection like doorknobs, bedpans, urinals, linens, instruments, etc..

3 Portal of Exit The organism must have a way to escape to reservior it has been growing in In Humans pathogens leave through urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds

4 Mode of Transmission A way in which it can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live Transmission: Person to Person Direct contact with Secretions Contaminated Hands (#1) Indirect Contact = food, air, soil, insects, feces, clothing, instruments, & equipment

5 Portal of Entry A way to enter the new host or reservoir Breaks in the Skin Breaks in the Mucous Membrane Respiratory Tract Digestive Tract Genitourinary Tract Circulatory System Normal Healthy Adults usually fight off causative agents

Body Defenses Mucous Membranes = Lines the Respiratory, Digestive, and Reproductive Tracts and traps pathogens Cilia = Tiny hairlike structures that line the respiratory tract and propel pathogens out of the body Coughing and Sneezing Hydrochloric Acid = Destroys pathogens in the stomach

Body Defenses Tears in the Eye = Contain Bacteriocidal Chemicals and flush the eye Fever Inflammation = leukocytes, or WBC, respond and destroy pathogens Immune Response = Body produces antibodies (proteins that combat pathogens, and protective chemicals secreted by cells, such as interferon and complement)

6 Susceptible Host If the body defenses are weak or the pathogen too numerous, then the host is susceptible to invasion When all of the Factors – 1-6 are in place, it is known as the Chain of Infection If any of the links in the Chain of Infection are broken, then the transmission can be prevented

Asepsis Major way to break the Chain of Infection Defined as the absence of disease-producing organisms or pathogens Any object or area that may contain a pathogen is considered contaminated Asepsis is designed to eliminate and/or prevent contamination

Common Aseptic Techniques Handwashing Good Personal Hygiene Use of Disposable Gloves Proper Cleaning of Equipment Proper Cleaning of Instruments Thorough Cleaning of the Environment

Levels of Asepsis Antisepsis =Prevents or Inhibits growth of pathogens but not spores and viruses. Can be used on the skin. Examples Alcohol, Betadine, and Listerine Disinfection =Destroys or kills pathogens, but not always effective against spores and viruses. Chemical and can be used on surfaces. Bleach and Zephirin Sterilization =Destroys ALL microbes. Usually steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals. Instruments for surgery are usually autoclaved and chemically rinsed

Handwashing ( 15-30 Seconds) When you arrive to work Before and After every Patient Contact Anytime your hands become soiled Before and After Donning Gloves Before and After Specimen Collection After Picking Up Trash, Using the Bathroom, Coughing, Sneezing B/A Eating, Drinking, Smoking, Applying Lip Balm, Inserting or Removing Contacts

Chain of Infection Draw your own Chain of Infection from page 303 Remember to make sure you have all the definitions listed on page 298 Remember to always WASH YOUR HANDS!!!!!!!!!!

Standard Precautions Rules developed by the CDC to prevent the transmission and contraction of pathogens. Every body fluid must be considered a potentially infectious material, and all patients must be considered potential sources of infection, regardless of their disease or diagnosis

Prevention of Communicable Diseases Communicable Disease = is caused by a pathogenic organism that can be easily transmitted to others Transmission Based Isolation Precautions are methods to reduce the incidence of transmission Standard Precautions are ALWAYS observed, but in some instances, a patient is on a specific type of Isolation

Airborne Precautions For known or suspected to be infected with an airborne pathogen Examples: Rubella (Measles), Varicella (Chicken Pox), TB, and Shingles These patients are placed in a Negative Pressure room with HEPA filter and the door must remain closed Anyone entering must wear an N-95 or N-100 Mask If the patient must be moved, they must wear a surgical mask during transport

Droplet Precautions Patient suspected or diagnosed with large particle pathogen that can be ejected from the nose or mouth within a 3 feet radius Examples = Hemophilus Influenzae, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Otitis Media, Diptheria, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Pertussis, Adenovirus, Mumps, and Viral Pneumonia Mask must be worn within 3 feet of the patient The patient must wear a mask when being transported

Contact Precautions For patients with epidemiologically pathogen that is capable of being spread from patient to patient through direct or indirect contact Examples = Any GI, RS, Skin, or Wound Infection caused by a Drug Resistant pathogens, Herpes, Diptheria, impetigo, Pediculosis, Scabies, and Staph Gloves must be worn at ALL times

Protective or Reverse Isolation A method used to protect certain patients from organisms present in the environment. Mainly used for Immunosuppressed Patients

Care Plans Plan of care for a patient and their diagnosis considering their religion, family dynamic, and financial status