Kingdom Monera Archaebacteria Methanogens Swamps, Intestines Thermophiles Hydrothermal Vents Halophiles Salt Lake, Utah Eubacteria (peptidoglycan) Autotrophs or Heterotrophs

History of Microbiology 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea 1981: First reports of AIDS 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence

 Prokaryotes  Microscopic  (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)  Unicellular  DNA is a single circular piece of DNA  Asexual Reproduction  Binary Fission  Metabolism  Aerobic  Anaerobic

 Genetic Exchange  Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact  Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria  Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)

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allow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.

 Gram +  simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan  Gram -  less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection  more resistant to antibiotics   Many antibiotics (penicillens) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall Gram positive Gram negative hill.com/sites/ x/student_view0/exer cise9/gram_stain.html

 Gram Positive Organisms  Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci  Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)1234  Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1)1  Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1)1  Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3)123  Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1)1  Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2)1, 2  Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 )123  Aerobic, Gram-positive rods  Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 )12  Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2)12  Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1)1  Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2)12  Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2)12  Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2)12  Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1)1  Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1)1  Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2)12  Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1)1  Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods  Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2)12  Clostridium botulinum (fig 1)1  Clostridium difficile (fig 1)1  Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3)123  Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2)12  Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci  Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)1

 Gram Negative Organisms  Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci  Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)1234  Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2)1; false color of the bacterium.2  Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1)1  Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci  Veillonella sp. (fig 1)1  Aerobic, Gram-negative rods  Fastidious, Gram-negative rods  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)1  Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus)1  Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2)12  Brucella sp. (fig 1)1  Campylobacter sp.(fig 1)1  Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2)1,2  Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1)  Eikenella corrodens (fig 1)  Francisella tularensis (fig 1,)1,  Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) 1,2  Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2)12  Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)1234  Kingella kingae (fig )  Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3)123  Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)1  Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods)  Citrobacter sp. (fig 1)1  Enterobacter sp. (fig 1)1  Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2)12  Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2)12  Proteus sp. (fig 1)1  Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1)1  Salmonella typhi (fig 1)1  Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2)12  Shigella sp. (fig 1)1  Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1)1  Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)12  Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods  Aeromonas sp. (fig 1)1  Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1)  Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2)12  Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1)1  Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)1  Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods  Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1)1  Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2)12  Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1)1  Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1)1  Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)1  Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods  Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1)1  Bacteroides sp. (fig 1)1  Prevotella sp. (fig 1)1  Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2)12  Gram-negative spiral  Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)1

 Autotrophic  Photosynthetic  Chemoautotrophic (nitrogen fixers)  Heterotrophic  Decomposer  Parasitic (Treponema pallidum)

Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!! How????  Cell Walls  Capsules (surrounds cell wall)  Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other genes  Inhabit every place on Earth

 Shapes  Coccus : Spheres  Bacillus : Rods  Spirillum : Spirals  Arrangements  Strept : Chains  Staph : Clusters  Diplo : Pairs

 Important Recyclers in environment  Nitrogen cycle

 Bacteria can produce chemicals  Acetone, Butanol

 Bacteria are used to make food  Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, beer, wine

 Bacteria cause disease 1. Produce toxins : example (Clostridium botulinum)  Endotoxins :  part of cell wall of gram – bacteria (lipids)  Dead bacteria release toxins  Exotoxins  Gram +  Very toxic  Easily transported throughout body 2. Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

 Natural reservoir: humans  Scarlet fever  Pharyngitis  Pneumonia  Cause more illness than any other bacteria group  Gram + chains

 Natural reservoir: humans  Cholera  Caused by poor sanitation  Common in Asia and Africa  Gram -

 Gut of mammals  Cause of gastrointestinal diseases  Typhoid Fever  Gram -

 Natural reservoir: humans  Normally inhabits nose, skin and growing in cured meats (ham)  Most common cause of food poisoning  Produces toxins  Problematic in hospitals  Antibiotic resistance  Gram + spheres

 Natural reservoir: mammals  Urinary tract infections and respiratory infections  Normal gut flora  Common in water sewage and soil  Used to control plant diseases  Gram - rods

 DOES NOT cause flu  Inhabits mucous membranes of Upper respiratory tract and mouth  Causes meningitis ear aches, bronchitis and pneumonia (mainly affects 5 yrs and under)  Opportunistic pathogen  Gram -

 Black Death or Plague of medieval Europe  Claimed 1/3 of European population in 1300’s  Fleas from rats and squirrels transmit  Gram – rod  CDC id as biological warfare agent c9DPrnY

 Soil  Causes Botulism  Secretes neurotoxins which can destroy, paralyze or damage nerve cells  Initial symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea  Death results from respiratory distress

For example, if a low-acid food, such as green beans, is canned improperly (not canned under pressure or improperly canned using a pressure canner), C. botulinum bacteria and other bacteria present will be destroyed by the boiling of water and food, but the C. botulinum spores will not be destroyed. The canning process will remove the oxygen from the jar, creating a low-oxygen environment that is will allow the spores to grow into active bacteria. When the jars are stored at room temperature, the spores can germinate and produce the toxin. However, the toxin is sensitive to heat and can be destroyed if the food in question is boiled for 10 minutes (longer at high altitudes).

 Helical bacterium moves in corkscrew manner  Causes syphilis: STD allidum.html

 Gram – spherical pairs  Causes gonorrhea  Fimbriae enable the organism to attach to mucous membranes of vagina and urethra of penis