Antibiotics – Part 1: Chapter 38

What is an antibiotic? A medication that kills bacteria or slows their growth Are classified based on their based on their chemical structure Some common classes are sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, macrolides & tetracyclines Act against types & species of different microorganisms that are infectious

Bacterial Infection? Microorganisms invade & multiply within a person and these signs & symptoms are commonly seen: Fever Chills & Sweats Redness Pain Swelling Fatigue Weight loss Increased WBC’s Pus

How do I know which antibiotic to take? When a patient presents these signs and symptoms, they should seek medical attention To begin the treatment of a bacterial infection, a broad spectrum antibiotic may be given A culture which will identify the specific microorganism as either gram-positive or gram-negative should be ordered Based on the results, an appropriate antibiotic may be prescribed to treat the unique microorganism that caused the infection

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Spetra, Bactrim, Pediazole Urinary tract infection, nocaridosis (AIDS), pneumonia (PCP), Upper resp. tract infections

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Spetra, Bactrim, Pediazole Urinary tract infection, nocaridosis (AIDS), pneumonia (PCP), Upper resp. tract infections Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus, Pneumoncystis carinii Photosensitivity, rash, convulsions, headache, hemolytic anemia & aplastic anemia. Avoid sunlight, NO TANNING!

Penicillins Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Timentin, Zozysn Presence of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus species, Enterococcus, Streptococcus Alergic reactions with hives, pruritus, welts, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Many interactions with other drugs such as: NSAIDS, oral contraceptives, Warfin

Cephalosporins Drug Name Indications Gram +/- Side Effects Miscellaneous 4 Generations Examples from each: I. Keflex II. Ceftin III. Rocephin IV. Maxipime I. Surgical prophylaxis, upper resp. infections, ear infections II. Abdominal/ colorectal prophylaxis surgeries III. Bacteria meningitis IV. Complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin infections I. Positive II. Positive III. Negative IV. Positive (General) Mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritis, redness, edema Cross sensitivity with penicillins if allergy exists.

Carbapenems Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Primaxin Complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections, also used in treatment in bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections Broad spectrum antibacterial action May cause drug induced seizure activity Treats a hard to treat infection

Monobactams Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Azactam Moderately severe systemic infections and urinary tract infections E. coli, Klebsilla species, Pseudomonas species GI complections In elderly women, restores estrogen against E. coli.

Macrolides (“mycins”) Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous E-mecin, E.E.S., Zithromax Strep infections, upper resp. infections, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Gonorrhea Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Clamydia, Mycoplasma Anorexia, vomiting, nausea, diahrrea, jaundice, flatulence, hepatoxicity Prevents protein synthesis within bacterial cells

Tetracyclines Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous Doryx, Vibramycin, Demeclocycline Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and plural and pericardial effusions. Lyme disease Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlaymdia, Strepomyces Tooth discoloration in pregnant women and children under 8 as well as in utero and nursing infants. Alteration in intestinal flora, causing GI upset Should not be taken with dairy products b/c the drug binds to calcium from the dairy, making the drug ineffective

Questions? Ask Mrs. Petges.  Thank you!