C HAPTER Four The Expansion of Greece

Introduction The tragedy of the ancient Greeks Particularism The gap between rich and poor Despair and cynicism From Hellenic to Hellenistic culture

Failures of the Fourth-Century Polis The Corinthian War (395–387 B.C.E.) Social and economic crises Declining wealth Towns devastated Decline in the standard of living Widespread unemployment The problems of mercenary armies

The Cultural and Intellectual Response Art and literature Heightened sense of realism Drama in decline compared to fifth century The flight from social and political commentary Drama as diversion and escape

The Cultural and Intellectual Response Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle Plato (c. 429–349 B.C.E.) The vindication of Socrates The Academy The world of appearances Combating skepticism The doctrine of Ideas; the Idea of the Good The Republic and the philosopher king (“who will guard the guardians?”)

The Cultural and Intellectual Response Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle Aristotelian thought Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) Trained as a scientist Trusted his senses and sense perception Objective reality of material objects Everything is purposeful and moves toward a perfected form (telos) The highest good is the harmonious functioning of mind and body The contemplative life “Man is by nature a political animal”

The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander The reign of Philip II (359–336 B.C.E.) Stabilized his borders through warfare and diplomacy Reorganized the army The phalanx as fighting machine The Companions Dynastic marriages Expansion brought conflict with Athens Demosthenes (c. 383–322 B.C.E.) Saw Philip as an aggressor Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.) League of Corinth Assassination of Philip

The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander The conquests and reign of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.) Visionary, genius, or butcher? Further expansion Battle of Gaugamela (331 B.C.E.) Queen Roxane The new empire New cities Mass marriages Breeding a new nobility Installs no administrative apparatus Death of Alexander

The Hellenistic Kingdoms Ptolemaic Egypt Most durable kingdom Patronized science and the arts Alexandria Personal enrichment

The Hellenistic Kingdoms Seleucid Asia Near Eastern traditions A Hellenized population Planted new cities

The Hellenistic Kingdoms Antigonid Macedon and Greece Antigonus Aetolian and Achaean Leagues

The Growth of Trade and Urbanization Long-distance trade Spread east to Central Asia Harbors improved

The Growth of Trade and Urbanization Cities Importation of Greek officials and soldiers Alexandria

The Growth of Trade and Urbanization Wealth and poverty

Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy and Religion Epicureanism and Stoicism Both originated around 300 B.C.E. Individualism and the good of the individual Materialism and universalism Stoicism The cosmos is an ordered whole Everything happens in accordance with a rational purpose People are free only when they accept their fate The duty of the individual is to submit to the order of the universe The tranquility of mind The duty of political participation Epicureanism The atomism of Democritus No ultimate purpose of the universe The tranquility of mind There is no absolute justice The wise man should withdraw from the world and study philosophy

Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy and Religion Skepticism Carneades (c. 213–129 B.C.E.) All knowledge is limited and relative No truth is certain Escape

Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy and Religion Religion A vehicle for escape Persistence of belief in gods who protected the polis Mystery cults Ecstatic mystical union with a deity Cult of Dionysius Egyptian cult of Isis Zoroastrian dualism Migration of gods to the Near East and Egypt Combination of Greek and non-Greek cults Greek influence on Jewish communities outside Palestine The Septuagint

Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art Pastoral literature The pastorals of Theocritus (c. 310–250 B.C.E.) Prose Polybius (c. 205–123 B.C.E.) Historical development proceeds in cycles Architecture The lighthouse of Alexandria The altar to Zeus at Pergamon

Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art Sculpture Extreme naturalism Extravagance

Science and Medicine Origins Mesopotamian and Egyptian science Hellenistic rulers patronized scientific research Sole motive was prestige

Science and Medicine Astronomy, mathematics, and geography Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.E.) Euclid (fl. fourth century B.C.E.) Eratosthenes (c. 276–196 B.C.E.)

Science and Medicine Medicine Herophilus of Chalcedon (c. 335–c.280 B.C.E.)

Science and Medicine Physics Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287–212 B.C.E.)

The Transformation of the Polis From polis to cosmopolis From Hellene to Hellenistic The breakdown of traditional values

This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 4.