Handheld Devices (portable but still explicit usage) Laptops Personal Digital Assistants (Palm, PocketPC) TabletPC Smart Phones.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
HARDWARE Rashedul Hasan..
Advertisements

1 Lecture 13: Cache and Virtual Memroy Review Cache optimization approaches, cache miss classification, Adapted from UCB CS252 S01.
AMD OPTERON ARCHITECTURE Omar Aragon Abdel Salam Sayyad This presentation is missing the references used.
Chapter 2 HARDWARE SUMMARY
1 VR BIT MICROPROCESSOR โดย นางสาว พิลาวัณย์ พลับรู้การ นางสาว เพ็ญพรรณ อัศวนพเกียรติ
CSIE30300 Computer Architecture Unit 10: Virtual Memory Hsin-Chou Chi [Adapted from material by and
Virtual Memory Hardware Support
TigerSHARC and Blackfin Different Applications. Introduction Quick overview of TigerSHARC Quick overview of Blackfin low power processor Case Study: Blackfin.
Embedded Systems Programming
S.1 Review: The Memory Hierarchy Increasing distance from the processor in access time L1$ L2$ Main Memory Secondary Memory Processor (Relative) size of.
Memory: Virtual MemoryCSCE430/830 Memory Hierarchy: Virtual Memory CSCE430/830 Computer Architecture Lecturer: Prof. Hong Jiang Courtesy of Yifeng Zhu.
1 ECE 263 Embedded System Design Lessons 2, 3 68HC12 Hardware Overview, Subsystems, and memory System.
1  1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter Seven Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Part II)
Microcontroller: Introduction
BLDC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
Engineering 1040: Mechanisms & Electric Circuits Fall 2011 Introduction to Embedded Systems.
Hardware Overview Net+ARM – Well Suited for Embedded Ethernet
ECE 447: Lecture 1 Microcontroller Concepts. ECE 447: Basic Computer System CPU Memory Program + Data I/O Interface Parallel I/O Device Serial I/O Device.
Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World Discovering Computers 2012.
Computer Processing of Data
Revised: Aug 1, ECE 263 Embedded System Design Lesson 1 68HC12 Overview.
Understanding Computers, Ch.31 Chapter 3 The System Unit: Processing and Memory.
Organization of a computer: The motherboard and its components.
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4
1 SERIAL PORT INTERFACE FOR MICROCONTROLLER EMBEDDED INTO INTEGRATED POWER METER Mr. Borisav Jovanović, Prof.dr Predrag Petković, Prof.dr. Milunka Damnjanović,
Samsung ARM S3C4510B Product overview System manager
Computers Are Your Future Eleventh Edition Chapter 2: Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall1.
Lecture 19: Virtual Memory
Lecture 15: Virtual Memory EEN 312: Processors: Hardware, Software, and Interfacing Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Spring 2014, Dr.
1  2004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Multilevel cache Used to reduce miss penalty to main memory First level designed –to reduce hit time –to be of small.
1 Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures  Computer System Operation  I/O Structure  Storage Structure  Storage Hierarchy  Hardware Protection  General.
I T Essentials I Chapter 1 JEOPARDY HardwareConnector/CablesMemoryAcronymsPotpourri
Virtual Memory Expanding Memory Multiple Concurrent Processes.
Virtual Memory Review Goal: give illusion of a large memory Allow many processes to share single memory Strategy Break physical memory up into blocks (pages)
1 Virtual Memory Main memory can act as a cache for the secondary storage (disk) Advantages: –illusion of having more physical memory –program relocation.
ATtiny23131 A SEMINAR ON AVR MICROCONTROLLER ATtiny2313.
Introduction to Virtual Memory and Memory Management
Introduction: Memory Management 2 Ideally programmers want memory that is large fast non volatile Memory hierarchy small amount of fast, expensive memory.
1 Chapter Seven CACHE MEMORY AND VIRTUAL MEMORY. 2 SRAM: –value is stored on a pair of inverting gates –very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4.
CS.305 Computer Architecture Memory: Virtual Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, © 2005, and from slides kindly made available.
Processor Memory Processor-memory bus I/O Device Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device Expansion bus I/O Bus.
1 Adapted from UC Berkeley CS252 S01 Lecture 18: Reducing Cache Hit Time and Main Memory Design Virtucal Cache, pipelined cache, cache summary, main memory.
© 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 1 Course Introduction Purpose  This course provides an introduction to the peripheral functions.
Constructive Computer Architecture Virtual Memory: From Address Translation to Demand Paging Arvind Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab. Massachusetts.
1 Chapter Seven. 2 SRAM: –value is stored on a pair of inverting gates –very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4 to 6 transistors) DRAM: –value.
Virtual Memory 1 Computer Organization II © McQuain Virtual Memory Use main memory as a “cache” for secondary (disk) storage – Managed jointly.
ARM 7 & ARM 9 MICROCONTROLLERS AT91 1 ARM920T Processor.
BITS Pilani Pilani Campus Pawan Sharma ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing.
2D-Graphic Accelerator
Memory Hierarchy Ideal memory is fast, large, and inexpensive
ECE232: Hardware Organization and Design
Memory COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Computer Hardware – System Unit
Section 9: Virtual Memory (VM)
From Address Translation to Demand Paging
Virtual Memory Use main memory as a “cache” for secondary (disk) storage Managed jointly by CPU hardware and the operating system (OS) Programs share main.
Sega Dreamcast Visual Memory Unit FPGA Implementation
Basic Computer Organization
CS703 - Advanced Operating Systems
Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Lecture 14 Virtual Memory and the Alpha Memory Hierarchy
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Virtual Memory Overcoming main memory size limitation
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
CSE 471 Autumn 1998 Virtual memory
Main Memory Background
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Virtual Memory Use main memory as a “cache” for secondary (disk) storage Managed jointly by CPU hardware and the operating system (OS) Programs share main.
ARM920T Processor This training module provides an introduction to the ARM920T processor embedded in the AT91RM9200 microcontroller.We’ll identify the.
Presentation transcript:

Handheld Devices (portable but still explicit usage) Laptops Personal Digital Assistants (Palm, PocketPC) TabletPC Smart Phones

Palm VIIx Size: 5.25" x 3.25" x 0.75" Weight: 6.7 oz. Batteries: 2 AAA Processor: 16 MHz Motorola Dragonball EZ Memory: 8 MB PalmOS Version: 3.5 Flash ROM: Yes Expandability: None Price: $449 Additional Features: Wireless Internet Access

DaVinci

Palm IIIx Motorola MC68EZ328 Dragonball processor. On a single chip includes –68000 CPU –Real-time clock –PLL clock generator –Interrupt controller –General purpose I/O ports, DRAM controller, UART, Audio output, LCD controller

Palm IIIx (contd.) CPU –CISC core (1978 design) –4 cycles per instruction typical –No MMU (no protection!) DRAM Memory –4MB, implemented as two 2MB chips –60ns access latency

Palm IIIx (contd.) Flash Memory –One Fujitsu 29LV160B-90 2MB flash chip –Divided into 35 sectors that can be individuall erased –90 cycles for reads –Stores the boot code, Palm OS, and the non-volatile storage needed by applications

Palm IIIx (contd.) Peripherals on Dragonball chip –LCD controller Has a 4-bit interface to screen Screen is 160*160 pixels 1 is black and 0 is white –UART For serial cradle connector or IRDAs –SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Synchronous port for interaction with touch-screen A/D converter –PWM Drives a transistor audio amplifier and in turn a piezoelectric speaker (8 bit audio streams)

iPAQ H3600 Hardware Intel StrongArm SA-1110 (206 MHz) 32 MB of SDRAM 32 MB of Flash ROM 4096 color reflective LCD Touch panel input Stereo audio output (to a jack) RS-232 port, USB port, expansion pack interface

StrongARM SA-1110

StrongARM system integration

StrongARM SA MIPS, 206 Mhz Normal Mode V/133 Mhz, V/206 MHz 32 way set associatve caches 16 KB I-cache, 8 KB write-back D- cache 32 entry I and D MMUs Read/Write buffer

Additional features in chipset Memory controller for ROM, flash, DRAM (SDRAM), SRAM LCD controller (1/2/4 bit gray scale or 8/12/16 bit color) UART, IrDA Touch-screen, audio port 6 channel DMA controller 2-slot PCMCIA controller, 12 Mbps USB controller 28 general purpose I/O ports, Interrupt controller Real-time clock with interrupt capability Power modes: Normal, Idle, Sleep

Memory Map Four main partitions of 1GB each –0x0 to 0x3FFFFFFF 4*238 MB blocks for static memory devices (ROM, SRAM, Flash) 2*256 MB blocks for PCMCIA Interface (socket 0 and socket 1) –0x to 0x7fffffff 2*128 MB blocks for variable latency I/O devices 768 MB of reserved space

Memory Map (contd.) 0x to 0xbfffffff –Contains all on-chip registers (peripherals regs, sys control regs, memory regs, LCD and DMA regs) 0xc to 0xffffffff –4*128MB of DRAM –1*128MB mapped within memory controller. –384MB of reserved space

Two crystals Khz and Mhz Several frequencies can be generated from these by setting CCF (clock config. field) of power manager phase locked loop config. register (PPCR) Clock frequencies: 59, 73.7, 88.5, 103.2, 118.0, 132.7, 147.5, 162.2, 176.2, 191.7, 206.4, MHz Remember Power = C*V^2*F 150us transition period when no response to external events and OS timer is stopped Clock rates of external devices should also be adjusted.

Memory Management Separate TLBs for instruction and data Each has 32 entries that can each map –Segment (1 MB) –Large page (8 KB) –Small Page (4 KB) Round-robin TLB replacement Data TLB Support (Flush all, Flush entry) Instruction TLB Support (Flush all)

Instruction Cache 16 KB, 32-way associative with 32 byte blocks Replacement is round robin within set I-cache operates with virtual addresses (both index and tag) Supports flush-all function

Data Cache 8KB, 32-way associative with 32 byte blocks. Round robin replacement in set Allocate only on loads Flush all, flush entry and copyback entry functions Works with virtual addresses 2 dirty bits per block for write-backs In addition, a mini-data cache, which can be used to hold data that can thrash in main data cache Mini data cache: 512 byte, 2-way

Data Cache vs Mini Data Cache Data can reside only in one of them and are searched in parallel Operation of load/store depends on B (bufferable) and C (cacheable) bits in MMU If C=1, data can be placed in either Normal or mini based on B bit for a load If B=0 (and C=1), load miss places block in mini cache If B=1 (and C=1), load miss places block in normal cache.

Write Buffer Can avoid stalling on writes Upto 8 blocks of data of 1 to 16 bytes at different addresses In the common case, writes are not merged in the write buffer

Read Buffer Four entry read buffer capable of loading 1,4 or 8 words per entry Allows software to preload data into them for use at a later time without blocking the processor Software can also specify which entry to use. Portion of a block can be in one entry while rest can be in another entry – but a word can be in only one entry. Data can be simultaneously present in D-cache and Read buffer. Data is returned from Read buffer and software has to handle coherence issues.