“In The Name of God” Dr.A.Rafati Heart physiology 2 nd session “Slow AP & Conductive system of The Heart” Present by: Dr. Ali Rafati.

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Presentation transcript:

“In The Name of God”

Dr.A.Rafati Heart physiology 2 nd session “Slow AP & Conductive system of The Heart” Present by: Dr. Ali Rafati

Dr.A.Rafati

I ONIC B ASIS OF SA N ODE A CTION P OTENTIAL : - 40 mV Threshold - 60 mV Spontaneous Depolarization (Leak Na Channels) Repolarization (K Channels) Action Potential (Ca-Na Channels) 0 mV

Dr.A.Rafati

C HARACTERISTICS OF T HE P ACEMAKER P OTENTIAL : RECALL: PHASE 4 -PACEMAKER POTENTIAL(PP) OBSERVED HERE. FREQUENCY DEPENDS ON: THRESHOLD,RESTING POTENTIALS AND SLOPE OF THE PP

Dr.A.Rafati فیبرهای سریع ممکن است تحت برخی شرایط به فیبرهای آهسته تغییریابند. برای مثال در بیماران با Cronary Artery Disease ، وقتی یک ناحیه ی عضله ی قلب فاقد خونرسانی طبیعی باشد، غلظت پتاسیم در interstitial fluid که سلول های عضلانی متاثر را احاطه میکند افزایش می یابد زیرا پتاسیم از سلولهای ischemic از دست می رود. پتانسیل عمل در برخی از این سلولها ممکن است از نوع سریع به آهسته تبدیل شود. Clinical Aspect:

Dr.A.Rafati E FFECTS OF H IGH K+ ON C ONDUCTION & AP OF F AST F IBERS : 0MV K + =3mMK + =7mMK + =14mM K + =16mM K + =3mM Em AP-AMP

Dr.A.Rafati H IGH K+ & M / H N A + G ATES : High K+ Lower Em Closed h Gates (some) Lower Na+ Entry Lower AP Amplitude

Dr.A.Rafati R EGULATION OF H EART R ATE (HR) BY A UTONOMIC N ERVOUS S YSTEM : Denervated Heart Heart Rate ~100/min (Intrinsic Heart Rate) Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS: Vagus Nerve) Could Decrease HR to Zero (Cardiac Arrest) Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS: Cardiac Nerves) Could Increase HR by 300% Normal HR (~72/min) Is dominated by PNS

Dr.A.Rafati

M ECHANISM OF V AGAL E FFECTS : Vagal Nerve Terminals Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptors K Channels Hyperpolarization Longer time to reach threshold (Slower Heart Rate)

Dr.A.Rafati M ECHANISM OF S YMPATHETIC E FFECT : Sympathetic Nerve Terminals Neurotransmitter = Norepinephrine Beta-adrenergic Receptors Leak Na Channels Faster Rate of Spontaneous Depolarization Faster to reach threshold (Faster Heart Rate)

Dr.A.Rafati C ONDUCTING S YSTEM OF H EART :

Dr.A.Rafati A TRIAL & A-V C ONDUCTION : RA LA RV LV SAN BACHMANS PATH INTERNODAL PATHS AN REGION N REGION NH REGION BH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH AV NODE

Dr.A.Rafati :AV NODE Delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle. Allows the atria to contract slightly ahead of the ventricles. (.1 sec delay) Slow conduction velocity due to smaller diameter fibers. In absence of SA node, AV node may act as pacemaker but at a slower rate

Dr.A.Rafati SA node  wall of the RA near superior vena cava.  primary pacemaker at rest =  70bpm.  Parasympathetic: ACh -  heart rate  Sympathetic: adren. & nor-adren. -  heart rate and contractile force  Sensitive to – temp., stretch, touch and chem. stimulation AV node  Bottom wall of the RA - interatrial septum  Firing frequency: 40-60bpm 1) Delays heart impulse: 0.1 sec  complete ventricular filling 2) Delays frequency of impulse propagation

Dr.A.Rafati AV bundle  From the AV-node to interventricular septum.  Right bundle branch – right of the septum to the apex of the heart  Left bundle branch – posterior/inferior branch -anterior/superior branch  functional link between atria and ventricles Purkinje fibres  branches of the left and right bundle branch  impulse propagation to contractile cells in ventricle

Dr.A.Rafati

E LECTRICAL E XCITATION OF THE H EART : Conducting system: Sinoatrial (SA) node: Hypopolarized muscle cells, inherent rhythm of contraction, fire 70/80 times per min- this is the pacemaker Internodal pathways: connect SA node to atrioventricular (A-V) node. A-V node: Fires 40/60 times per min Slow conduction velocity Delays SA signal before passing it on to the ventricles Very few gap junctions in these muscle cells A-V bundle: Carries signal to Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers: Conveys signals across ventricle, fire 15/40 times per minute

Dr.A.Rafati دیگر نواحی قلب ممکن است در شرایط خاصی علاوه بر گره SA شروع به ضربان سازی کنند. این مکان ها کانون های اکتوپیک یا ضربان سازهای اکتوپیک گفته میشوند. کانونهای اکتوپیک ممکن است تبدیل به ضربان سازها شوند وقتی (1) ریتمیسیته آنها افزایش یابد، (2) ریتمیسیته ضربان سازهای با فرکانس بالاتر کاهش یابد یا (3) همه مسیرهای هدایت بین کانون اکتوپیک و نواحی با ریتمیسیته ی بیشتر مسدود شوند. Clinical Aspect:

Dr.A.Rafati اگر یک مرکز نابجا در یکی از دهلیزها به ناگهان شروع به تولید ایمپالس با سرعت بالا ( مثلاٌ ، 150 ایمپالس در دقیقه ) در فردی با ضربان قلب طبیعی 70 بار در دقیقه، نماید، مرکز اکتوپیک ضربان ساز برای تمام قلب میشود. وقتی این مرکز اکتوپیک به ناگهان تولید ایمپالس را متوقف می کند، گره SA به علت سرکوب در اثر تحریک زیاد برای مدت کوتاهی خاموش میماند. فاصله زمانی از انتهای دوره ی تحریک بالا تا شروع مجدد تولید ایمپالس توسط گره SA را Sinus node recovery time می گویند. در بیماران با سندرم سینوس بیمار Sick sinus syndrome ، زمان بازیابی گره سینوسی ممکن است به طور قابل ملاحظه ای طولانی شود. این دوره ی زمانی حاصل بدون سیستول ( وقفه قلبی ) ممکن است سبب از دست رفتن هوشیاری شود. Clinical Aspect:

Dr.A.Rafati O VERDRIVE S UPPRESSION : If you drive a self-excitatory cell at a rate faster than its own inherent rate, you will suppress the cell’s own automaticity. Mechanism may be due to increased activity of Na+/K+ pump creating more negative Er. Cells of the AV node and purkinje system are under overdrive suppression by the SA node.

Dr.A.Rafati S PEED OF C ONDUCTION : SA Node  AV Node (Fast, 0.03 sec) AV Node  AV Bundle (Slow, 0.13 sec) AV Bundle  Purkinje Fibers (Fast, 0.01 sec) Purkinje Fibers  Cardiac Muscle (Fast, 0.05 sec)

Dr.A.Rafati