Sherie Loika Vickie Engel Eyrin Book Laure Owens Kande Bahlman Chapter 9 Sherie Loika Vickie Engel Eyrin Book Laure Owens Kande Bahlman

Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Sherie Loika

Physiological Perspective Measurable degree of hearing loss Decibels - units of relative loudness of sounds Deaf = hearing loss greater than 90 dB Hard of Hearing = hearing loss less than 90 dB

Educational Perspective How much is the hearing loss likely to affect the child’s ability to speak and develop language? At what age was the onset of hearing loss?

Terms Associated with Deafness Congenitally deaf - deafness present at birth Adventitiously deaf - deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual born with normal hearing Prelingual deafness - deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language, usually at birth Postlingual deafness - deafness occurring after the development of speech and language

Hearing Threshold Classification Mild 26-54 dB Moderate 55-69 dB Severe 70-89 dB Profound 90dB & above Decibel Table

Demographic Aspects of Prevalence Demographic Aspects of Hearing Impairment Gallaudet Research http://www.odc.state.or.us/tadoc/dmisc1.htm

Anatomy and Physiology Movie clip Ear Diagram Quiz

Microtia Grade III (Little Ear) Deformity of the Outer Ear

No Middle Ear, Ear Canal, or Ear Drum Atresia No Middle Ear, Ear Canal, or Ear Drum

Measurement of Hearing Ability Eyrin Book

Screening Tests At birth in hospitals Periodically in public schools Grade Pre-K, K, 1,3,5,7, and 9 Called a pure tone sweep check done with the use of an audiometer. Can also be screened upon request or new or re-eval special education students.

Pure Tone Audiometry Hertz - unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Audiometric zero - lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. Also known as the zero hearing threshold.

Speech Audiometry Tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss Speech reception threshold (SRT) is the decibel level at which a person can understand speech.

Other Tests - Play Audiometry Uses a game like format to test hearing of young and hard to test children. The examiner teaches the child to do various activities when they hear a signal

Other Tests - Tympanometry A method of measuring the middle ear’s response to pressure and sound. A rubber tipped robe is inserted into the child’s ear, sealing the ear canal, and the effects of pressure and sound are then measured to assess the functioning of the middle ear.

Other Tests – Evoked Response Audiometry Technique involving electroencephalograph (EEG) measurement of changes in brain-wave activity in response to sounds. Method has become more popular with the development of more sophisticated computers. Can be done while the child is sleeping.

Psychological & Behavioral Characteristics Vickie Engel

If you were forced to choose, which would QUESTION… If you were forced to choose, which would you rather be… blind or deaf?

English Language & Speech Disorders 75% of children who are profoundly deaf have non-intelligible speech. Children born deaf, are unable to hear themselves and adults’ responses to them. Deaf children are handicapped in learning to associate the sensations they receive when they move their jaws, mouths, and tongues with auditory sounds these movements produce. Another way the speech is impaired, is the lack of hearing adult speech.

Myth - Hearing impaired people have a lower conceptual intelligence. Intellectual Ability Myth - Hearing impaired people have a lower conceptual intelligence. Do not assume that the IQ level of hearing impaired is lower than hearing people strictly because their language is not as developed.

Academic Achievement Most children with hearing loss have extreme deficits in academic achievement. Reading ability is most affected. It is not unusual for graduating students who are deaf to be able to read at no more than a fourth-grade level. Math is their best academic subject, but they are usually far behind hearing students.

Positive influence of sign language Interesting Fact… Deaf children with deaf parents have a higher reading achievement and better language skills than do those who have hearing parents. Why? Positive influence of sign language

Social Adjustment Studies show that students who are deaf are at risk for loneliness. Two factors to that may contribute to the isolation of deaf students: Inclusion Hearing status of the parents

Factors that define the Deaf community as a true culture… Deaf Culture Factors that define the Deaf community as a true culture… linguistic differentiation attitudinal deafness behavioral norms endogamous marital patterns historical awareness voluntary organizational networks

Erosion of the Deaf Culture Inclusion Deaf clubs

Deaf Activism Cochlear implants

Educational Considerations Laure Owens

Approaches to Educating Deaf Oralism-manualism debate Verbal communication Manual communication Currently… Total Communication Approach Used by most educational programs Bicultural-Bilingual Approach Advocated by Deaf community Total Communication – Blends oral and manual techniques Bicultural-Bilingual – ASL as 1st language, ESL, and promotes teaching of deaf culture

Total Communication Speech Signing English system Signing Exact English Signed English Seeing Essential English Finger spelling Simultaneous Use

Bicultural-Bilingual Approach American Sign Language (ASL)--primary English—secondary Curriculum consists of instruction in Deaf culture Curriculum & instruction developed by deaf individuals ASL naturally before teaching English Exposure to ASL & English simultaneously

Debate Deaf Community argues… Total Communication Defenders argue… Use of signing English systems criticized Argue word order is not critical element in teaching English Slow, awkward Total Communication Defenders argue… Correspondence of word order benefits learning of English language. ASL evolved over several generations. Assert as natural language of deaf. Signing english systems were invented in a short period of time.

Service Delivery Models Placement varies based on severity of hearing loss Residential schools Profoundly deaf Students of deaf parents Older students 80% of deaf students in local schools 39% in general education classrooms Deaf community criticizes mainstreaming citing that it forces student to lose identity. Placement in hearing & speaking environment makes it impossible to succeed. Social isolation Lack of peers with whom the student can communicate

Success in an Integrated Setting Time to learn & plan Commitment to the model of education Support services Clarity of program design Parent participation Direct instruction by teachers of the deaf within the regular classroom

Technological Advances Hearing Aids Television, Video, & Movie Captioning Telephone Adaptations Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Early Intervention Kande Bahlman

Early Intervention Permanent hearing loss affects 24,000 infants in USA annually. 20-30% of hearing loss in children occurs during infancy and early childhood. Most critical period of development of hearing and speech is first 6 months of life.

Time is of the Essence First six years of life First three years most critical American Academy of Pediatrics National Institute of Health Screened before hospital discharge Continuance of hearing screenings

Average Age of Identification in U.S. is 2½ to 3 years. Early diagnosis and intervention can mean the difference between toddlers entering school with severe language and concept delays versus children with age appropriate language and concept development.

Research Indicates… Children whose hearing losses are identified in the first 6 months of life AND who receive intervention services, develop language within the normal range.

Deaf Children of Deaf Parents Babies develop ASL at a rate similar to rate that hearing babies of hearing parents develop English Day to day interaction of moms and babies are more facilitative and natural Parents who sign with their deaf children develop cohesive families with high degrees of bonding and sharing of interests Parents are better prepared to cope with infant’s deafness

Deaf Children of Hearing Parents Slow development of English and ASL Interactions unrelated to child’s activity or interest Lack of language model High degree of parental stress Unprepared parents Lack of understanding of visual modality in communication Struggle with appropriate sign language delivery

Communication Decisions Preschool intervention projects teaching basics of sign language to parents and to children Providing native signers as models Development of the IFSP and IEP Researching the different communication approaches Choice based on child’s needs, family situation, and program availability in family’s area Learning the program and giving it a fair chance Re-evaluating and changing approach when appropriate.

Communication “The one need all deaf and hearing children have in common is the need for effective communication of meaningful information, including information that says ‘I love you’.”

Transition to Adulthood Unemployment Underemployment College education

Postsecondary Education Before mid-1960’s Traditional colleges/universities Federal funding Over 100 postsecondary education institutions in U.S. and Canada Some still choose traditional schools Traditional schools providing special programs

Interpreters Transliteration ASL

Family Issues 95% of deaf adults choose deaf spouses 90% of offspring from these marriages have normal hearing Hearing children often serve as interpreters for deaf parents Deaf face greater obstacles when entering work force due to lack of unskilled and semi-skilled trades Brighter outlook