Chapter 2 The History of the Family 1 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved

Sun Myung Moon’s Mass Weddings /mass-weddings-by-sun-myung-moon- photos.html#slide1 /mass-weddings-by-sun-myung-moon- photos.html#slide1 2

History of the Family Historians--Upper class bias ▫ Nobles ▫ Wars ▫ Rise & fall of empires First, study of “ordinary” families ▫

9/3 Philippe Aries CENTURIES OF CHILDHOOD (1963) Concept of “Childhood” Innocent Protect Hidden from children: Birth Death Sex Tragedy World events 4

Philippe Aries-- CENTURIES OF CHILDHOOD Children segregated by age Having an age important In the past ages were unknown 5

17 th Century 6

18 th Century 7

19 th Century 8

9

20 th Century 10

Origins of Family and Kinship  Evolutionary theory  Infants need care  Families  Hunter-gatherers: F or 3 million years  Until invention of agriculture  ( ,000 years ago) 11

Hunter-gatherers Small bands (approx. 30 people) ▫ Several families ▫ Nomads Group size=Depended on food in region Men ▫ Hunted, fished Women ▫ Gathered nuts, berries ▫ Cared for children Children also worked 12

Agriculture  Settled agriculture  10,000 years ago  People discover how to cultivate crops and domesticate animals 13

Kinship  Kinship traced through mother’s or father’s kin  Lineages  Patrilineage: Father’s line  Matrilineage: Mother’s line 14

Origins of Family and Kinship  Kinship Groups  Ensure order  Defend against outsiders  Provide labor  Assist others in group  Recruit new members  Through marriage 15

9/5 Origins of Family and Kinship In most societies--smaller family units ▫ Mother and children (always) ▫ Husband/father (usually) ▫ Other household members (sometimes) 16

Origins of Family and Kinship  Western culture —Smaller kinship groups  Conjugal family:  Husband,  Wife and  Children  Extended family: Other relatives in household 17

Origins of Family and Kinship Family and kinship systems: Fundamental needs: ▫ Reproduction ▫ Food ▫ Defense ▫ Safety 18

The American Family before 1776 American Indian Families European Colonists African Slaves 19

American Indian Families: The Primacy of the Tribes Indigenous people in the 48 territories that became United States Family units based on lineages  Tribes, both matrilineal and patrilineal  Matrilineal ties to maternal kin  Patrilineal ties to paternal kin 20

American Indians 21

European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family Families performed public services: ▫ Education ▫ Hospitals ▫ Houses of correction ▫ Orphanages ▫ Nursing homes ▫ Poor houses 22

European Colonists 23

European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family No room for privacy or private lives ▫ Family affairs=public business ▫ Houses not designed for privacy—public ▫ Little privacy from other households ▫ Conjugal family is integral part of society 24

European Colonists: The Primacy of Public Family Family Diversity Not all families “ideal conjugal” family ▫ Stepfamilies due to death of parents ▫ Marriage not always official  More common in Middle Colonies  Bigamy  Men migrated West and began new family 25

Emergence of the “Modern” American Family: 1776 to 1900 Four characteristics: 1.Marriage— mutual respect and affection 2.Wife (morally superior) cared for home & children 3.“Childhood” protect and support children 4.Decline in number of children per family

The Emergence of the “Modern” American Family: 1776 to 1900 Individualism Personal relationships within families Enhanced emotional rewards Support autonomy 27

From Cooperation to Separation: Men’s and Women’s Spheres Change in mode of production ▫ Capitalism ▫ From “family labor” to “paid labor” Men worked outside the home ▫ Business ethic ▫ Focus—world outside home 28

From Family Labor to Paid Labor 29

Men: Paid Labor Outside Home revolition#the-industrial-revolition revolition#the-industrial-revolition 30

From Cooperation to Separation: Men’s and Women’s Spheres Women worked inside the home ▫ Renew husbands’ character & spirituality “Cult of True Womanhood "women were:  Upholders of spiritual values  Pure  Submissive to men  Domestic 31

Cult of True Womanhood ature=player_embedded#! ature=player_embedded# 32

Happy Homemakers 33

19 th Century Families 34 Harriet Tubman and Family

African Families in America Africans: Traded as slaves for centuries ▫ Captured or bought in West Africa ▫ Sold as slaves 35

African Families in America African society Organized by lineages Marriage is a process 36

Zulu Courtship and Weddings Girls of courting age send beaded “love letters” to young man He comes courting Girl presents young man with string of white beads 37

The Process Process begins with lobola agreement Shows groom’s commitment to his bride “Compensation” to father & his kraal (rural village) for loss of girl Bridegroom & family claim children 38

The Process Lobola paid in head of cattle - Amount agreed upon by the families Cattle delivered in ‘installments’ to the bride’s father Continue for a year or two ▫ Until bridegroom’s family insists on a wedding 39

The Process Weddings—Joyous singing, dancing and mock fighting by warriors in traditional dress Community joins in the celebrations Women wear: Traditional headdresses Beautiful beaded necklaces Soft leather aprons 40

The Process Must be night with a bright moon ▫ Faint moon signifies bad luck ▫ Makes the celebrations less festive Held outside in bridegroom’s village Parents of the bride do not attend ▫ Would be too sad for them 41

Influence of Slavery on Family Family life difficult Slavery stripped elders of authority over marriage process Enslaved often married for life ▫ Kept track of extended family Most families—two parents 42

Before 1865 Enslaved people could not legally marry Colonial & state laws considered them property ▫ Not legal persons who could enter into contracts Marriage is a legal contract. 43

After 1865 Free African Americans could marry In northern states: New York Pennsylvania Massachusetts In slave states of the South: Formed relationships that they treated like marriage ▫ Considered themselves husbands and wives 44

After the Civil War Essential to freedom: ▫ Reuniting families separated under slavery ▫ Solidifying existing family relations Family is the foundation of the postwar black community 45

Mexican Families in America Mexicans living in area that became part of U.S. Landowners & Farmer-Laborers Farmer-laborers—Mestizo—part Spanish and part Native American Compadres: In Mexico, the godparent relationship with wealthy or influential person 46

Mexicans in America 47 April , U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Signed on Feb. 2, 1848 Ended the U.S.-Mexican War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 48 U.S. took land area of: Texas New Mexico California Arizona Nevada Utah Half of Colorado

Mexico & U.S. After Treaty 49

Mexican-American Families 50 Five centuries of Spanish colonization Family character combines: Feelings of indigenous people Traditional feminine subculture And Spanish expectations and norms Masculine machista orientation

Mexican-American Families Extended families important Families provide support: Emotional Instrumental Guidance 51

Asian Immigrant Families Asian Americans in U.S. are of many ethnicities including: Japanese Chinese Korean Filipino Asian (East) Indians Southeast Asians 52

Asian Immigrant Families The Asian Heritage Fathers—Authority over family Kinship—Patrilineal Children expected to care for elderly Live with them Emphasize family loyalty 53

The Rise of the Private Family: Present The Early Decades Increase in premarital sex Decline in births Rising divorce rate Increase in marriage rate Focus on emotional satisfaction 54

The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present Families less dominant in people’s lives Marriage less necessary economically & materially Marriage more fragile 55

The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present Privacy & private families increased Birthrate declined Life expectancy increased Family housing needs change 56

The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present Basis of marriage—From economics to emotional satisfaction and companionship Men and women—more economically independent or interdependent Marriage bonds weakened Divorce more common 57

Cohorts: The Depression Generation Affected family finances Undermined authority of father Divorce rate fell Postponed marriage & childbearing ▫ 1 in 5 never had children (1 in 10 norm) Children helped by working 58

The 1950s Baby boom ( )renewed focus on marriage and children ▫ More children than before ▫ Preferred family size increased Highpoint of breadwinner-homemaker model ▫ Not really the “traditional family” ▫ Faded quickly 59

1950s Family 60

1960s and Beyond Birthrate plunged Married average 4-5 years later Wanted independence Divorce rate doubled 1960s–70s ▫ Declined slightly since Cohabitation—1970s Women working outside home 61

1960s Family 62

Social Changes in the 20 th Century The chart (next slide) shows changes in family and personal life Twentieth century ▫ Great change in family ▫ How individuals lead their lives 63

A life-course perspective on social change in the 20 th century 64

Emergence of Early Adulthood Early adulthood – Period between mid-teens & about 30 ▫ May return to parents’ home Labor force = ▫ All people who are working for pay or ▫ Looking for paid work 65

The Role of Education Factor in lengthening early adulthood More employment opportunities for college-educated Young adults may still marry ▫ May postpone children to further education 66

Declining Parental Control A century ago, young people lived with parents until marriage Today they live apart Parents have less control over children 67

Early Adulthood and the Life Course Perspective  Study of changes to individuals’ lives  Relationship to historic events  Key transitions:  Infancy  School age  Adolescence  Teenager  Young adult  Adulthood 68

Life Course Perspective Historical changes such as:  Decline of manufacturing jobs  Employment for well-educated  Greater acceptance of cohabitation  Acceptance of childbearing outside of marriage 69

Summary: What History Tells Us Americans come from many regions of the world Different family traditions Mix of European, African, Asian, South American and others European American family systems Conjugal unit (mother, father, children) Division of labor (gender based) Emphasized individual satisfaction 70

What History Tells Us African, Asian, South American Family Emphasis on extended kin  Sometimes lineages  Larger family structures ▫ Marriage still central to society 71