The Age of Exploration

Important Concepts When: 15 th-19th century What: exploration expeditions Who: Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands. Where: Europe, Asia, Africa, & the Americas Result: diffusion of ideas and cultural forces that reshaped the global environment

Changes in Technology Magnetic compass, world maps, navigation charts, better engineering designs for ships, lighter weight muskets and artillery  conquest made easier/effective

Why? GOLD,GLORY, and GOD The crusades stimulated European demands from the middle east. Italian and Muslim traders controlled trade, people began to look for new routes. Wanted to spread Christianity.

Portugal Leads the Way 1 st country to establish trading posts on the west coast of Africa. Prince Henry- promoted exploration through the gov’t. (created a navigational school). Bartolomeu Dias- Found a direct route to India.

Spain Also Makes Claims Columbus –Italian sea captain convinced Spain to finance his voyages. Landed on an island in the Caribbean.

Tension: Portugal Vs. Spain Signed the treaty of Tordesillas: The newly discovered lands of the west on an imaginary line would belong to Spain and discovered lands east of line would belong to Portugal.

Competition for Colonies Conflict between Spain & Portugal –Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) –Treaty of Saragossa (1529) England, France, & the Netherlands also joined in on the competition

Spanish Conquistadors Hernando Cortez Conquered the Aztec empire How? 1. superior weapons 2. convinced natives to fight 3. disease killed hundreds of thousands Francisco Pizzaro Conquered the Incan empire How? 1.ambush attack 2. captured their leader

19.2 China Limits European Contact Ming Dynasty United under Hongwu- Confucius ideas, killed thousands of government officials, agricultural reforms Voyages led to isolation Only the government handled trade

Comparing Seats of Government White HouseThe Forbidden City

Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty Kangxi=First emperor Moved out of the Forbidden city and focused more on the common people Learned about scientists and medicine from Europe Prosperity in China under Ming and Qing Dynasties Food production increase Creativity- art, pottery, and drama

Japan Returns to Isolation After Civil War in 1467 Japan was ruled under a Feudal System under the Daimyo Japan was not unified until 1600 by the Tokugawa Shogunate Japanese Feudal System

Life in Tokugawa Japan Social Very structured Agriculture Urban society Haiku poetry Kabuki Theater Zen Buddhism European Contact Interested in Portuguese muskets and cannons Later on banned Christianity Stayed isolated for more than 200 years!

Samurai

The Encomienda System How Spain imposed rule- the right to rule –Named viceroys Near-absolute power Ruled plantations & mining operations –(native labor) Serfs to slaves –Cheap labor –Life on the ecomienda Brutal, inhumane treatment

Human Tolls of Imperialism: Slavery & Mercantilism Imperialism=strong nation wants to dominate other countries, major effects on global pop. –Disease & forced labor=decimated Native Americans 100,000 Incas & Aztecs –Diseases (small pox/influenza)=killed millions Need help on plantations and in mines

African Slavery Spanish gov’t abolished the Encomienda system. Turned to African slavery: Why? Needed cheap labor Africans were strangers to the Americas and would have no place to hide The Aksum, Kush, Mali, and Songhai- all groups who had a long history before 1 st contact with Europeans.

Consequences of the Slave Trade African families torn apart African culture loses generations of members Through the skills & labor of African slaves, the economy of the Americas prospers Today’s populations of the Americas are multicultural

Columbian Exchange What is it? –Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of Americas New foods= –live healthier & longer lives –World population up

Results of Columbian Exchange Native American civilizations destroyed European diseases killed millions of Native Americans European powers built extensive overseas empires Large numbers of Europeans migrated to the Americas Native American crops brought to Europe European plant diseases and rats infested the New World New World plantations required millions of African slaves Capitalism expanded with the growth of trade Cultural exchanges occurred

Effects of the Columbian Exchange Make a list of 2 positive effects of global exploration and 2 negative effects of global exploration. Do you think the aftermath of exploration was more positive or more negative? Explain your answer.

Explain... What does the following quote mean? –“Publication of new world maps, navigation charts, and engineering designs for better ships changed the guesswork of open ocean navigation into a science.”

Mercantilism Command economic system Gold=success Used by European govt’s. Sell more goods than you buy=more $ –Favorable balance –Colonies were helpful in this-produced materials –Downside: some disobeyed rules

Word Bank Columbian Exchange Middle Passage Mercantilism Colony Quipu Joint Stock Company Mestizo Mesoamerica Obsidian Triangular Trade Encomienda Glyph Capitalism Conquistadors