NEXT The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500 The nation underwent social reform, economic development, and territorial expansion. A Native American chief from Cuba greets Christopher Columbus in Engraving (19th century).

NEXT The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500 Crossing to the Americas Societies of North America Societies of West Africa Societies of Europe SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 Early European Explorers

NEXT Section 1 Crossing to the Americas Ancient peoples came from Asia to the Americas and over time developed complex civilizations.

The First People in America NEXT Crossing to the Americas First people migrate, or move, to Americas from Asia 1 SECTION Others believe they come by many routes, starting 30,000 years ago Some believe they cross land bridge— Beringia—about 12,000 years ago Map

Agriculture Leads to Civilization NEXT 1 SECTION Some cultures grow complex and become civilizations About 5,000 years ago, begin domestication—grow plants, tame animals Culture—way of life shared by people, similar arts, beliefs, customs Also have organized government and religion, record keeping Civilizations have cities, specialized jobs for people, advanced tools First Americans’ culture is hunting and gathering

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations NEXT 1 SECTION Olmec set up trade routes; build pyramid mounds, cities About 1,200 B.C. Olmec civilization thrives in mesoamerica Around 400 B.C., abandon cities for unknown reasons Build cities, pyramid mounds; develop yearly calendar By A.D. 250, Maya develop civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala By 900, Maya abandon cities for unknown reasons Image

The Hohokam and the Anasazi NEXT 1 SECTION Farmers who use irrigation—bring water to crops From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400, Hohokam live in American Southwest By about A.D. 100, Anasazi live in American Southwest; mainly farmers Around 1300, drought or warfare cause Anasazi to leave homes Build pueblos, or many-storied houses, against canyon walls Image

The Mound Builders NEXT 1 SECTION Build large earthen structures Mound Builders—early Native Americans in eastern U.S. Two oldest are Hopewell (400 B.C. — A.D. 400) and Adena Last Mound Builders—Mississippians—build first cities in North America Hopewell are farmers; large trade network; mounds are burial sites By 1700s, most Mississippians die of diseases brought by Europeans

NEXT Section 2 Societies of North America By 1500, a variety of Native American groups—each with a distinct culture—lived in North America.

Native American Diversity NEXT Societies of North America 2 SECTION Environment shapes each group’s economy, technology, religion By 1500, hundreds of Native American cultural groups Technology—use of tools, knowledge to meet human needs Environment affects religion; groups believe certain places sacred Environment causes groups’ economies and technologies to vary Trade links Native Americans Map

Peoples of the North and Northwest Coast NEXT 2 SECTION Inuit live on tundra—treeless, frozen plain They use kayaks, or small boats, to hunt sea mammals They make wooden houses, boats, carved objects Northwest Coast people, such as Kwakiutl and Haida, fish salmon Kwakiutl and Haida potlatch ceremonies; give away objects to mark status Aleut live on islands off Alaska Image

Peoples of the West NEXT 2 SECTION Men hunt game; women gather wild foods, some are expert weavers Native Americans in West are hunters and gatherers Western groups have spiritual beliefs linked to nature

Peoples of Mexico NEXT 2 SECTION Begin building capital city, Tenochtitlán, in 1325 Irrigation helps them grow many crops Complex society with upper, middle, lower classes Conquer peoples who give food, resources to them Aztecs have great civilization in central Mexico

Peoples of the Southwest NEXT 2 SECTION Build many-storied, adobe houses In American Southwest, Pueblo people use irrigation to farm Men hunt, farm, weave, build; women cook, repair houses, craft pottery Later, Navajo become farmers Navajo, Apache arrive later; hunters and gatherers; trade with Pueblo

Peoples of the Great Plains NEXT 2 SECTION Some Plains tribes are nomads; others live in villages by rivers Great Plains extend from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains Hunt bison; use its hide for clothes, bones for tools Spiritual beliefs vary; some honor sacred places Mandans and Pawnee live in large circular lodges Image

Peoples of the Southeast NEXT 2 SECTION Women farm; men hunt, fish, clear land Society is matrilineal—trace ancestry through the mother In villages, people gather at central square for meetings, ceremonies Choctaw and Chickasaw are farmers

Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands NEXT 2 SECTION Use slash-and-burn agriculture—chop, burn trees; use ash to enrich soil Most Eastern Woodland peoples speak Iroquoian or Algonquian language Iroquois live in longhouses; Algonquin live in wigwams Form 5-tribe alliance—Iroquois League, brings period of peace to Iroquois Warlike Iroquois take advice from Deganawida, make peace Image

NEXT Section 3 Societies of West Africa The peoples of West Africa developed sophisticated kingdoms, trade networks, and artistic achievements.

African Geography and World Trade NEXT Societies of West Africa 3 SECTION By A.D. 1500, trade routes link African coastal ports with rest of world Africa is second largest continent; variety of land forms and climate West Africa has rain forest and savanna; the Sahara borders the north Map

Ghana Grows Wealthy NEXT 3 SECTION First West African kingdom, Ghana, grows rich from gold and salt trade Camel caravans cross Sahara; connect West Africa with rest of world Controls this trade from 700s to mid-1000s Kings impose taxes, use wealth for army, build empire

Islam Enters Ghana NEXT 3 SECTION Islam—founded by prophet Muhammad; teaches that there is one God, Allah Muslims—followers of the religion Islam Muslim traders bring Islam from North Africa to West Africa In 1076, Muslim army conquers Ghana city and weakens Ghana’s power

Mali Replaces Ghana NEXT 3 SECTION Its wealth also comes from gold-salt trade By 1200s, kingdom of Mali conquers most of Ghana Mali’s ruler, Sundiata, increases Mali’s power, prosperity Shows off wealth to rest of world; spreads Islamic culture in Mali Other great leader, Mansa Musa (1312— 1337), is Muslim After Mansa Musa’s death, Mali slowly weakens

The Empire of Songhai NEXT 3 SECTION Led by Sunni Ali, they capture Timbuktu, set up governmental system Songhai people break away from Mali, begin own empire Sunni Ali dies (1492); led by Askia Muhammad, Muslims take over After his death, Songhai weakens; Moroccan army defeats Songhai (1591) Askia Muhammad expands trade, sets up tax system, builds Mosques

Other West African Kingdoms NEXT 3 SECTION Yoruba live southwest of Niger River, mostly farmers, have gifted artists Hausa states emerge after A.D in northern Nigeria; trade thrives Kingdom of Benin in delta of Niger River prospers through trade Europeans also trade for enslaved Africans In late 1400s, Portuguese and other Europeans trade goods with Benin Use enslaved laborers to work on large farms, called plantations Image

NEXT Section 4 Societies of Europe By 1500, Europe was going through a period of social change that sparked interest in learning and exploration.

Feudalism in Europe NEXT Societies of Europe 4 SECTION Feudalism—a king allows lords to use land; lords owe loyalty to king Feudalism, manor system in European Middle Ages (late 400s—1300s) Manor system: -Lords divide land into manors, or large estates, farmed by serfs -In return for serfs’ work, lords protect the serfs Roman Catholic Church gains power during the Middle Ages Image

Revival of Trade and Towns NEXT 4 SECTION New farming methods create food surplus, increase population By 1000s, feudalism brings more stability to European society More people demand more goods; spurs trade; new towns arise Serfs go to towns; become craftspeople, merchants; form middle class

Trade with the East NEXT 4 SECTION Italian cities trade with port cities, including Constantinople Trade increases within and outside Europe Crusades—wars in which European Christians try to recapture Holy Land Italian Marco Polo travels in Asia, increases European interest in Asia Crusades spur trade with the Middle East

The Decline of Feudalism 4 SECTION In 1347, bubonic plague kills many, reduces workers, weakens feudalism Trade and towns grow; serfs leave manors for towns; feudalism weakens Image As feudal lords lose power, kings gain power In return, townspeople support kings by paying taxes Kings help townspeople by enforcing order with large armies NEXT

The Renaissance and Reformation 4 SECTION European Renaissance (1300—1600) questions old ideas Renaissance—time of increased interest in art, learning Stresses human achievement, classical education, art, the sciences Reformation—movement to correct problems in Church, splits Church Printing press produces more books; more people read; ideas spread NEXT

Changes in Trade NEXT 4 SECTION Make huge profits trading with Asia, control Mediterranean trade Italian merchants determine profit by subtracting cost from income Other European countries want profits by trading with Asia Look for other trade routes besides the ones controlled by Italians Chart

NEXT Section 5 Early European Explorers As Europeans searched for sea routes to Asia, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.

A Water Route to Asia NEXT Early European Explorers 5 SECTION Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaches south tip of Africa (1488) Caravel—Portuguese ship that improves sailing Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds all- water route to Asia (1498) Portugal grows rich from spice trade Portugal can now trade with Asia without Italian-Muslim interference European rivals want part of this trade, search for water routes to Asia

Columbus’s Plan NEXT 5 SECTION Columbus overestimates size of Asia; underestimates size of globe Italian sailor Christopher Columbus claims sailing west is faster to Asia Portugal turns down Columbus’s request to finance voyage

Help from Spain’s Rulers NEXT 5 SECTION After Muslim wars, Spain agrees to support Columbus Columbus assembles his ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa María Spain’s rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella: -want lucrative Asian trade and to spread Christianity -doubt Columbus’s calculations -are low on money because of Muslim wars - are hesitant to pay the high expense for Columbus’s services

Setting Sail NEXT 5 SECTION He keeps two logs: one for sailors, other tells truth about voyage Columbus sets sail with 90 crew members on August 3, 1492 After 10 weeks, crew wants to turn back; agree to sail 3 more days Two days later, on October 12, 1492, they see land

Reaching the Americas NEXT 5 SECTION Islanders, the Taino people, greet him; he calls them Indians Columbus believes he has landed in Indies, islands in Southeast Asia He calls island San Salvador, takes possession of it for Spain For 3 months, tours other Caribbean islands; finds some gold, pearls Convinced he found Asia, he returns to Spain and informs Spanish rulers Leaves 39 men on Hispaniola; they steal from Taino, who kill them Image

An Expanding Horizon NEXT 5 SECTION Disappoints Ferdinand, Isabella; mistreatment of islanders angers queen Columbus makes 3 more voyages to Americas, never brings back treasures Rulers refuse to finance another voyage; Columbus dies a bitter man In time, Europeans realize Columbus found continents unknown to them Atlantic Ocean now seen as bridge connecting Europeans to America Interactive

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