Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 19 States and Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of Equator Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Cultivation of Bananas Domesticated in south-east Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, CE  Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adpated to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Population Growth

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Kin-Based Societies Stateless, segmentary societies No complex hierarchies or bureaucracies Average population of village: 100 Ruled by elders Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc manner Higher government authorities rare

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Chiefdoms Population pressures after 1000 increase competition, disputes Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin-based groups Small kingdoms form  Ife, Benin

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Kingdoms and empires of sub-Saharan Africa, C.E.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Kingdom of Kongo Congo (Zaire) river basin consisted of several village alliances Participated actively in trade networks The most centralized of early Bantu kingdoms Royal currency: cowrie shells Ruled 14 th -17 th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Islam spreads to west Africa  Trans-Saharan caravans  Coastal east Africa through maritime trade Huge influence after 8 th century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Trans-saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa Desiccation of Sahara begins c BCE Arabian camels improves trade  days to cross Sahara Arabs establish trading communities  Gao

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Kingdom of Ghana (West of present-day Ghana) Developed 4 th -5 th c. CE Organized to protect against camel-riding raiders Center of African gold trade  Imported from south Also ivory, slaves

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Koumbi-Saleh Capital of Kingdom of Ghana High point 9 th -12 th centuries  Population 15,000-20,000 Military (army of 200,000) to protect gold cultural/learning center; 12 mosques

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Islam in West Africa Kings of Ghana convert 10 th c. Positive impact on trade, relations with north Africa Synthesized Islam with local traditions Didn’t force Islam on people  Unlike nearby Takrur

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Sundiata (r ) Empire of Mali extends over Kingdom of Ghana  Nearby kingdoms also Did more trans-Saharan trade Nominally Muslim; did not force conversions

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Mansa Musa (r ) Grandson of Sundiata Fervent Muslim Performed Hajj in Passed out slaves and gold as gifts along the way Caused devaluation gold in Egypt!  Built numerous mosques  Supported Muslim scholars Empire declines after his rule

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Mansa Musa

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa East coast maritime trade weak until 2 nd century Bantu peoples populate coast Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with Arabs  Language a form of Bantu, with some Arabic 10 th century trade increases

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Swahili City-States Great wealth, 11 th -12 th centuries CE city-states developed Architecture changed from wood/mud to coral, stone Chinese silk, porcelain

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Nok Sculpture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Kilwa City-state on east African coast Fishing, limited trade, CE Turn to agriculture, trade in pottery and stoneware, copper coins Major trading center by 14 th century  Exporting over a ton of gold per year by 15 th century CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Zimbabwe “dwelling of the chief” Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built early 13 th century CE, capital Population 18,000 in late 15 th century Managed trade of gold, ivory, slaves between internal and coastal regions

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Islam in East Africa Ruling elites in east Africa accepted Islam; encouraged others to accept Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Arabian Society and Cultural Development Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well- defined classes  Ruling elites (military, admin., religious)  Merchant class (artisans, investors)  Peasant class (commoners, slaves) Other areas stayed with kin-based groups

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Kinship Groups Extended families, clans Idea of private property less prevalent Land held communally Harvests distributed by elders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Sex and Gender Relations Men work with specialized skills  Tanning, iron work; women did pottery  Heavy labor Both sexes did agriculture Mostly male rulers; some women rulers  some women merchants; formed military units Islamic gender separation less in African society

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Age grades From early agricultural period, Sudan Peer groups cohort Crosses lines of family and kinship lifetime mutual aid relationships

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Slavery Practiced since ancient times Most slaves captives of war  Debtors  Suspected witches  Criminals Used principally in agricultural labor Slave possession a sign of wealth

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Slave Trading Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulated slave trade, 9 th c. CE Africa replaced eastern Europe as principal source of slaves Created internal African slave trade  More powerful states raided smaller groups  10,000-20,000 slaves per year

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Arabian Swahili Slave Trade

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 The Zanj Revolt Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work in Mesopotamia  Sugarcane plantations  Salt deposits 869 CE, slave Ali bin Muhamad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves Captures Basra Later crushed by Abbasids

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 African Religion Great diversity of religious belief Common element: single, male creator god  Lesser deities associated with natural phenomena Ancestor worship Diviners  Religious specialists, principally men  Oracle reading, spells, rituals, circumcision (male & female) [ Desert Flower book, movie, female cutting] Limited theology Morality, balance of nature important

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Early Christianity in North Africa 1 st century: popular in Egypt, north Africa  Initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa The Christian Kingdom of Axum, 4 th c. CE  Ethiopia  Merchants, then kings convert  Bible translated into Ethiopian  Isolated during Islamic period, renaissance during 12 th century CE  Massive churches carved out of solid rock

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 The Obelisk at Axum

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Ethiopian Christianity Isolation from other Christian areas until 16 th century Independent development Strong African influence  Spirit world  amulets