Chapter 3 When temperatures rise in the spring, the ice begins to melt on Bow Lake at Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada

3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases  Describing States of Matter  Materials can be classified as ________, _______, or ______ based on whether their shapes and volumes are ________ or ________.

Solids  The state of matter in which materials have a ________ shape and a __________volume.  Definite means that the shape and volume of a pencil _____________________as you move it around.  However, definite doesn’t mean it will ________ change. You can ___________a pencil.  Atoms in solids are packed ________together. Most solids also have an _______ arrangement of particles.

Liquids  The state of matter in which a material has a ______ volume but ___ a definite shape.  Liquids always have the shape of the _________.  Liquid atoms are ________ together but their arrangement is more _____________.

Gases  The state of matter in which a material has _______a definite shape nor a definite ________.  A gas takes the ______ and ________ of its container.  Arrangement of atoms is _______, and there is a lot of ________ between them, allowing for ____________.

Plasma  There is a _____ state of matter called plasma. It’s found in _____ at very ____ temperatures. ___% of all matter in the universe exists as plasma.

BEC  There is a ____ state of matter proposed by Einstein.  It exists at extremely ____ temperatures  Groups of atoms would behave as though they were a ________ particle  Scientists were able to produce this matter in ______ and called it a Bose-Einstein ______________(BEC)

Kinetic Theory  Kinetic energy- The energy an object has due to its ______. The _______ an object moves, the greater the _______ energy.  ____________of matter says that all particles of matter are in constant ______. The kinetic energy of a baseball depends on the ______ at which the pitcher throws the ball

Explaining the Behavior of Gases  Think of pool, balls move in a straight line until they hit _________ ball. Energy gets _________

Motion in Gases  Particles in a gas are _______ at rest.  There are forces of ________ among the particles in all matter, but they can basically be _________ because particles in a gas move so ___________.  Kinetic Theory of Gases The constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to_____a container of any _______________.  Three points:  Particles in a gas are in _________, _________ motion  The motion of one particle is _________ by the motion of the other particles unless the particles __________.  Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under __________ conditions.

Explaining the Behavior of Liquids  The average speed of the particles in a liquid are much ________ than a gas.  Liquid atoms have _______ masses than gases.  A liquid takes the shape of its __________ because the particles in a liquid can _____ to new locations. The ___________keep the particles close together.

Explaining the Behavior of Solids  Think of people in a crowded movie theater. You can move around in your seat, but you don’t __________ seats.  Solids have a _________ shape and volume because the particles in a solid vibrate around __________ locations.  Vibration is a ____________ back and forth motion.  The strong ____________ among atoms ________ their motion and keep each atom in a _____ location to its neighbors.

3.2 The Gas Laws  Pressure  The _________ the area of impact, the _________the force is.  Pressure is the result of ______ ____________ over an area.  If the ______ of a hockey puck hits the glass, it exerts more pressure than if the _____ of the puck hits the glass at the same speed.  The SI unit for pressure is the ________(___)

Pressure  An atom by _____ does not exert a lot of pressure, but ____ helium atoms in a small balloon produce a ________ pressure.  Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the __________ in a _______ container.

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure  Factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas are its __________, its ________, and the __________ _____________. The firefighter is using a pressure gauge to check the air pressure in a tire on a fire truck.

Temperature  As temperature rises, average kinetic energy _________. At an increased energy, particles move _______________ more often with the walls and with greater force.  Raising the temperature of a gas will ______ its pressure if all other conditions are kept __________.

Volume  An empty plastic bottle with a cap will give a little, but then the ________ will stop the bottle from _______. As the volume is decreased, particles of trapped air collide ___________with the walls of the bottle.  Reducing the volume of a gas _________ its pressure if all other conditions are kept ____________. Movement of a muscle called the diaphragm changes the volume of your chest cavity. The volume increases when you inhale and decreases when you exhale.

Number of Particles  Once a tire is inflated, its _________ is fairly constant. Adding more air will increase the _________ inside the tire.  Increasing the number of particles will increase the _________ of a gas if the ________________________ are constant.

CHARLES’S LAW  The volume of a gas is __________ proportional to its temperature in ________ if the ________ and the _______ of particles in a gas are constant.  V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2

BOYLE’S LAW  The volume of a gas is __________ proportional to its pressure if the ___________ and the _________ of particles are constant.  P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

Gas Law Summary Chart TemperaturePressureVolume Boyle ___________ ↑↓ ↓↑ Charles ↑ ____________ ↑ ↓ ↓ Guy - Lussac ↑↑ ___________ ↓↓

The Combined Gas Law  _______ and ________ law can be described by a single law.  P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2

Math Practice  A gas has a volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 50 kPa. What happens to the volume when the pressure is increased to 125 kPa? The temperature does not change.  2.Gas stored in a tank at 273 K has a pressure of 388 kPa. The safe limit for the pressure is 825 kPa. At what temperature will the gas reach this pressure?  3.At 10°C, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of L. The gas is allowed to expand to L. What must the final temperature be for the pressure to remain constant? (Hint: Convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins using the expression °C = K.)

3.3 Phase Changes  Phase change- ________ physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one _____________to another.  __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ are the six common phase changes.

Phase Changes  *One way to recognize a phase change is by measuring the __________ of a substance as it is ____________________.  *The temperature of a substance ________change during a phase change. (heating curve pg 85) This graph shows what happens to the temperature of a solid sample of naphthalene as the sample is slowly heated.

Energy and Phase Changes  During a phase change, energy is transferred between a ____________and its ____________.  Energy is either _________or ____________during a phase change.

Endothermic Change  _________________-the system absorbs energy from its surroundings. This ice sculpture of a dog sled was carved at a winter fair in Fairbanks, Alaska. The ice sculpture will start to melt if the temperature rises above 0°C or sunlight shines directly on the ice.

Exothermic Change  _______________-the system releases energy to its surroundings. Energy released as ice forms on these strawberry plants keeps the plants from freezing at temperatures slightly below 0°C.

MELTING  Heat flows from the ____________. As ice ______ energy, the molecules _________ more quickly. At the melting point of water, ____, some molecules have enough ___________ to overcome the attractions and move.  When ___ the molecules have enough energy to move, __________________. Any additional energy will cause the _________________________________.

MELTING  Melting is _____________ because it takes __ energy. The amount of energy taken in to change 1 gram to a liquid is called the _________________ (melting) and varies depending on the substance.

FREEZING  When liquid is placed in a freezer, energy flows from the _____________in the freezer. The water ______ down. Kinetic energy ___________, particles move more _____ and begin to arrange themselves in an ______ pattern.  Freezing is ___________ because it ________ energy to the surroundings.  Freezing does not mean “____.” Silicon freezes at ________.

VAPORIZATION  When a substance changes from a liquid to a gas, The substance must _____________________.  __________________is the amount of energy needed to change 1 gram to a gas. In a refrigerator, a pair of phase changes keep the food cold. Energy from inside the food compartment is used to change a liquid to a gas in the evaporator. This energy is released when the compressed gas changes back to a liquid in the condenser

VAPORIZATION  EVAPORATION  A process that changes a substance from a ____________ at temperatures ______ the substance’s boiling point.  Some molecules near the surface are moving ____ enough to _______________ and become a vapor.  In a closed container, water evaporates and vapor collects ________ the liquid. The pressure caused by the collisions of this vapor and the walls of the container is called _____ ___________.  Vapor pressure increases as __________________ Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid.

VAPORIZATION  BOILING  When ___________becomes equal to the ____________ __________, the water boils.  Boiling point of a substance depends on _____________ pressure.  The normal boiling point of water at __________is ______.  In Denver, water boils at ___ ºC because air pressure is _____. Food takes longer to cook. Boiling takes place throughout a liquid.

Condensation  CONDENSATION  The phase change in which a substance changes from ___________________. Water vapor from the air condensed into drops of liquid water on these blades of grass

More Phase Changes  SUBLIMATION  Phase change in which a substance changes from a __________ without first changing to a ______. Ex: _______  DEPOSITION  Phase change when a ____ changes directly into _____without first changing to a ______. Ex: ________ The trap is baited with dry ice because mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide.