Chapter 12 Review Sheet Class Notes

Key People Moses Austin: received the first land grant in Texas; his son brought the first Americans into Texas. Stephen Austin: chose the “Old 300” to come and settle Texas. Sam Houston: leader of the army of Texas. Marcus Whitman: missionary who first settled Oregon; killed by Native Americans. Santa Anna: leader of the Mexican army

Key People James K. Polk: Presidential candidate who used the Campaign slogan, “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”. Joseph Smith: founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Brigham Young: Mormon leader who brought his followers into Utah to escape religious persecution. William B. Travis: Commander of the Texan army at the Battle of the Alamo. Zachary Taylor: American commander during the US war with Mexico.

Key Terms: Mountain Men: fur trappers and traders who settled Oregon Country. Forty-niners: people who went to California during the Gold Rush. Vigilante: people who take the law into their own hands; unofficial police. Manifest Destiny: the idea popular during the 1800’s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean. Empressario: A person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800’s.

Key Terms Battle of the Alamo: Famous battle in which famous leaders such as Davey Crockett and Jim Bowie gave their lives battling the Maexican army. Battle of San Jacinto: Battle in which Mexican leader Santa Anna was captured; forcing him to sign a treaty granting Texas independence. Bear Flag Republic: the nickname of the new nation of California when it declared independence from Mexico. Lone Star Republic: the nickname given to the independent nation of Texas. Tejano: Mexicans who claimed Texas as their homes.

Review Questions 1.What did Mountain men do for a living? Trap and trade fur. 2. What happened to Marcus and Narcissa Whitman? Why? They were killed by Native Americans because they blamed the Whitman's and other missionaries for the death of their children

Review Questions 3. Who won the Election of 1844? Why? James K. Polk won the election because he promised to expand the nation’s borders and fulfill Manifest Destiny. 4. What does the campaign slogan, “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” mean? It meant that the US demanded the border of Oregon Country to be recognized by Britain to be the 54 degree 50 minute parallel of latitude or the US would fight.

Review Questions 5. Why did Mexico pass a decree banning US immigration in 1830? Mexico feared that the US would try to take over Texas. 6. What was considered to be the first fight for Texas independence? The Battle of Gonzales.

Review Questions 7. What problems did the Texans face after their victory against Mexico in the city of San Antonio? When the Mexicans left, many Texans thought they had won. They started to argue about who was in charge and what to do. When the Mexicans attacked again, the Texans were not prepared. 8. What were Texan leaders doing during the seige of the Alamo? They were meeting at Washington-on-the-Brazos to draw up a new constitution for Texas.

Review Questions 9. What was the last battle for Texas independence? The Battle of San Jacinto 10. Why did Texas’ request to become a state cause fighting in the US? Many Northerners opposed Texas becoming a state because they did not want slavery to spread. They also feared it would result in a war with Mexico.

Review Questions 11. Why was the US divided over war with Mexico? Southerners supported the war because they wanted to acquire land from Mexico as slave territory. Northerners opposed the war because they feared it would result in the spread of slavery and a war with Mexico. 12. What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? Inn the treaty, Mexico agreed to give up all claims to Texas and that the border between Mexico and Texas would be the Rio Grande River. Mexico also agreed to cede all the land in California and New Mexico (the Mexican Cession) to the US. In return, the US would pay Mexico $15 million dollars.

Review Questions 13. Why did California’s request to become a state cause fighting in the US? California would enter as a free state and upset the balance between slave and free states in the US. 14. What problems did mining camps face? There was a lot of drinking, gambling and fighting in the mining camps. There was also a lot of crime and no police or prisons to handle it. 15. Why did Mormons leave NY and settle in Utah? Mormons left NY for Utah because they wanted to escape the religious persecution they experienced in NY. Utah was isolated, so they felt Mormons would be safe there.