Groomer Operator Training Resource Guide Chapter 1: Introduction to Trail Grooming See pages 1-22 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Do You Have What It Takes to Be a Groomer Operator? Slow and tedious work. Long and unusual work shifts. Often required to work nights and weekends. Remote and lonely work setting. Knowledge of trails and area. Mechanical aptitude. International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Groomer Operator Training Core Components Checklist Demonstrate an understanding of the basics of snowmobile trail grooming. Know the grooming equipment they are operating and identify its key controls, components, and features. Start, operate, and control the groomer. Demonstrate good operator safety procedures. Pages 3 and 4 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Groomer Operator Training Core Components Checklist Demonstrate proper equipment operation techniques and procedures. Perform proper equipment inspection and maintenance. Perform proper record keeping. Know the local area and local procedures. Pages 3 and 4 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

“Trail Grooming” Definition The activity of producing a smooth surface of snow with a uniform high density through the use of mechanical equipment. See page 5 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Trail Grooming Typically is the single greatest expense of a program; need to ensure funds are spent efficiently and effectively. Times, frequencies, and methods can be influenced by: temperature, type and depth of snow, terrain, traffic volume and use patterns, wind, current or incoming storms, avalanche activity, or water crossings. See pages 2 and 6 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Trail Grooming can be: establishing a trail base at the beginning of the season, having to reestablish a trail after heavy snowfall and/or winds have obliterated it, or having to work a heavily moguled trail back into a smooth surface (also called “restoring” the trail). See page 8 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Trail Grooming Objective Provide smooth trails that are suitable for all levels of rider experience. See page 8 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Trail Grooming Objective Build a solid base of “snow pavement” for snowmobiles and grooming equipment to operate upon. See page 8 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

The Physics of Snow and Snow Surface Preparation It is useful for grooming managers and grooming equipment operators to have a basic understanding of the properties of snow in order to produce and maintain a durable trail. See page 9 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

The Physics of Snow and Snow Surface Preparation Because snow (or ice) on the Earth’s surface exists so close to its melting temperature, it is unlike soils or other construction materials used to build or surface trails. The following is a general overview of how snow forms in the atmosphere, its response to environmental factors, and external loads that are important to snowmobile trail grooming. See page 9 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Formation of Snow The basic structure of snow is a hexagonal (six-sided) crystal within Earth’s atmospheric pressures and temperatures. Three a-axes are perpendicular to the c-axis at 60 degrees to each other. See page 9 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Formation of Snow The direction of crystal growth along the c-axis or a-axes depends upon temperature. This temperature dependence produces a wide variety in the geometric forms of snow: stellar crystals, plates, dendrites, needles, columns, etc. Prolonged rotation of the snow crystal in the atmosphere produces more irregularly shaped masses of crystals such as snow pellets or sleet. See page 9 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

The Snowpack and How It Changes Once snow has been deposited on the ground, it begins to change or “metamorphose.” Gravity causes natural compaction and motion (or creep) to occur in the snowpack. Water vapor moves from areas of higher temperature or higher pressure areas to lower temperature or lower pressure areas. Free water may also be present in the snowpack and solar radiation can cause a change in the snow surface. See page 9 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

The Snowpack and How It Changes Three types of “changes in the snowpack” (snow metamorphism) are important for the groomer operator to understand. These changes are driven mostly by the snow’s temperature, which can cause water vapor or free water to migrate within the snowpack. It is important to note that the temperature of snow – even at or near the snow surface – is not typically the same as the ambient air temperature. See pages 9 and 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

The 3 Types of Snow Metamorphism Equi-temperature (ET) metamorphism (generally results in the best compaction). Temperature gradient (TG) metamorphism (generally results in poor compaction). Melt-freeze (MF) metamorphism (generally variable compaction dependant upon temperature). See pages 10 and 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Equi-Temperature (ET) Metamorphism Occurs in regions where an “equal” or uniform temperature is present within the snowpack. Produces a high degree of “sintering” (neck growth and bonding of crystals) which yields a higher strength, more durable snow surface. The snow crystals grow, become rounded, and bond at the expense of more faceted forms due to the transport of water vapor. See page 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Equi-Temperature (ET) Metamorphism Under equal temperature conditions, the transportation of water vapor is a pressure dominated process. Snow grains become rounded and bond to each other, producing a higher strength snow. See page 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Equi-Temperature (ET) Metamorphism Higher vapor pressures are present over convex surfaces and lower vapor pressures exist within concave surfaces. Water vapor at high pressure moves to low pressure regions, condenses, and forms necks and bonds. See page 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism Causes the formation of a poorly bonded, faceted TG crystal commonly known as “depth hoar.” Typically seen at the base of the snowpack or underneath an ice crust layer. Formation of a TG layer typically occurs in a shallow snowpack during cold, clear nights. See page 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism The heat loss of the snow surface to the atmosphere through radiation creates a strong temperature gradient (temperature difference) within the snowpack. The ground temperature will be warmer than the snow surface temperature. A weak, hollow layer will be formed and will persist at the base of the snow. See page 10 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism Under TG conditions, water vapor transport is dominated by temperature. Water vapor at the higher ground temperature moves upward to the lower snow surface temperature – or more simply, hot moves to cold. See pages 10 and 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism When the net vapor transport is toward the snow surface, faceted cohesionless crystals (weak depth hoar) rapidly form due to the excess vapor density. See pages 10 and 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism It is important for the groomer operator to note a weather pattern of cold, clear nights with a shallow snowpack early in the season, particularly in mountainous regions, since the presence of a TG layer at the base of the snowpack can eventually produce an avalanche cycle. See pages 10 and 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism Cold, clear nights following the passage of a front can also cause changes on the snow’s surface. Surface hoar forms when there is a temperature gradient (difference) between the atmosphere and the snow surface. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Temperature Gradient (TG) Metamorphism Again, hot moves to cold, so water vapor is driven from the atmosphere to the cooling snow surface which forms the cohesionless faceted surface hoar crystals. This weak layer can persist over the entire winter season. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Melt-Freeze (MF) Metamorphism Occurs whenever free water is present within the snowpack. Free water may be present due to a rain event or surface melting by solar radiation. Free water will percolate slowly through the snow and freeze within a colder region of the snowpack. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Melt-Freeze (MF) Metamorphism Near the snow’s surface, smaller grains will melt and the melt water will be retained by the surface tension of the larger grains. Refreezing forms larger, polygranular (multiple) clusters. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Melt-Freeze (MF) Metamorphism Snow strength becomes increasingly dependent upon the degree of refreezing that occurs. Melt-freeze snow can become solid ice or become completely de-bonded, depending upon its temperature. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism Regional and seasonal differences in snow quality (physical properties of snow such as particle size, wetness, density, temperature, etc.) will influence the ideal method for trail preparation. See page 11 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism Generally, the goal of trail grooming is to reduce the snow particle size and produce some different particle sizes in order to maximize the number of bonding (sintering) sites within the snow. Mixing a layer of snow should also, to some extent, temporarily produce an equal temperature layer. See pages 11 and 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism The goal is to prepare a layer of snow to maximize equi-temperature metamorphism within that layer, and allow sufficient time for bonds to form between the snow grains (i.e. “set-up”). Therefore, the overall quality (physical properties) of the snow prior to and post-grooming are of importance. See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism For grooming, the most important indicator properties of snow are: Particle size, Temperature, Wetness, and Strength (the final snow hardness). See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism Snow density (or the mass per unit volume of the snow) is not necessarily a good indicator of snow strength since very wet, unbonded, melt-freeze snow can be of very high density yet have very low strength. See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism A snow particle size range from 1/32 inch to 3/16 inch (0.5 to 4.5 mm) is ideal for grooming. Large particles or clumps that have developed (perhaps due to melt-freeze) may require more aggressive grooming techniques, such as tilling the snow. See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism In many regions, the snowfall consists of relatively low density, small particulate snow and the snowpack remains dry. In such cases, a multi-blade drag can provide sufficient remixing of the snow surface. It’s important for the groomer operator to become familiar with the variations in snow particle sizes to determine the most appropriate grooming techniques for their area. See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism For bonding to occur, the snow’s temperature must be below freezing – less than 32 degrees F or 0 degrees C. Well-bonded snow can be achieved at very cold temperatures (less than minus 40 degrees F or C ). See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism Since equi-temperature (ET) metamorphism is a water vapor pressure dominated process, water vapor is probably more available for vapor transport in warmer snow, which implies that bonding may occur at a more rapid rate when the processed snow is only a few degrees below freezing. See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow and Metamorphism The most critical factor is allowing sufficient time for snow to sinter (set-up). It is highly recommended that grooming occur post-sunset since the snow surface does absorb some solar radiation during the day, which increases the snow’s surface temperature. Equi-temperature metamorphism conditions, and therefore better conditions for trail set-up, are more easily achieved after sunset. “Overnight” set-up time is preferable to allow sufficient time for snow to sinter. See pages 12 and 13 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Grooming Snow, Physical Properties, and Metamorphism Very warm, wet, or saturated snow will not be cohesive. However, if the temperature is dropping wet snow may refreeze overnight. Freshly fallen, cold, dry snow will not readily stick together. However, grooming and compacting this type of snow will enhance its ability to form bonds or “set-up.” See page 12 of the manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Grooming Tractor A heavy-duty, two or four-tracked, over-snow specialty vehicle, or A farm tractor equipped with a track conversion. See page 7 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Grooming Tractor Primary purpose is to provide power to pull an implement (drag), power a tiller, or carry a compactor bar across top of snow. May also carry a front blade. See page 7 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Trail Grooming Actual “grooming” work is performed by a rear implement (drag/planer, tiller, or compactor bar) used in conjunction with a blade on front of the tractor. See page 7 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Progression of Mogul Formation: Pattern of Mounds & Dips See page 14 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Four Steps of Trail Grooming Removal of moguls. Processing the snow. Compression of the processed snow. Trail setup. See page 16 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 1: Removal of Moguls See pages 16-17 or manual The planer blade cutting depth should cut to the bottom of the mogul’s dip, but not into the compacted trail bed. International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 1: Removal of Moguls Critical to remove the entire mogul profile. Cutting off just the top leaves a “memory.” But don’t cut into the trail base below dip. See pages 16-17 or manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Removal of Moguls: Limitations If bare ground at bottom of dip, don’t cut whole mound off since it could damage equipment and destroy whatever hardened trail base there may be. If using a single blade drag and moguls are deep, will likely spill/waste snow out side of drag by trying to cut too deep: save the snow versus trying to cut it all off. See page 16 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Removal of Moguls: Limitations If using a tiller, the front blade on tractor is most effective tool for mogul removal. The use of a tiller on deep moguls has limitations since it cannot duplicate the planer effect of a drag; this may require multiple passes to fully remove memory of a mogul. See page 16 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Removal of Moguls: Limitations If using a multi-blade drag, it will not cut any deeper than the depth the planer blades extend below the side rails when blades are fully lowered. If the trail bed is soft, the side rails may cut into the bed. But if the trail bed is hard, the rails will typically ride on top and limit the cutting depth, it may require multiple passes. See page 16 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Removal of Moguls: Limitations When deep, fresh snowfall covers moguls on trail, it may not always be possible or practical to completely remove the moguls. In such a case, it is critical that extra attention be given in steps 2, 3, and 4 to create a new, hardened trail base to cover/cap the profile of old moguls below the new layer of snow. See page 17 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 2: Processing the Snow See pages 17-19 of manual A churning action should be created in front of the planer blade to help process the compacted snow from the mogul into granules of various sizes. International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 2: Processing the Snow A rolling or churning action is critical. De-aeration makes the snow denser. Helps to break away points on snowflakes. See pages 17-19 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 2: Processing the Snow SLOW DOWN! Most Effective Speed = 5 to 7 mph. Too Slow: rolling action isn’t established. Too Fast: sprays snow out and wastes it; snow doesn’t have time to roll and process; prematurely wears out snow; can create a rocking motion and leave a rough trail. See pages 18-19 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 3: Compression of the Snow The loose snow created by the cutting and churning action of the blades is distributed by the spreader pan, then compressed into a new layer of compacted snow on the trail bed. See pages 19-20 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Step 3: Compression of the Snow Further de-aerates the snow. Provides denser, uniform, smooth surface. Increases trail base depth. See pages 19-20 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Step 4: Trail Setup Requires allowing the snow that has been disturbed by cutting, processing, and compressing sufficient time to refreeze. See pages 20-21 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Step 4: Trail Setup Generally, the longer the setup time that is allowed, the more durable the trail will be. See pages 20-21 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Step 4: Trail Setup Try to maximize setup time by adjusting grooming start and end times. 2 to 6 to 10 hours is often required to refreeze. Night grooming is often the best. See pages 20-21 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

Setup Will NOT Occur If You’re Grooming When Riders Can Follow See pages 20-21 of manual International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Snowmobile trail grooming is: a) the single largest expense of a snowmobile grooming program b) using mechanical equipment to produce a high density snow surface c) very demanding work that requires your undivided attention at all times d) all of the above d) all of the above International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Snowmobile trail grooming is: a) the single largest expense of a snowmobile grooming program b) using mechanical equipment to produce a high density snow surface c) very demanding work that requires your undivided attention at all times d) all of the above d) all of the above International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Moguls are: a) similar to washboards on a gravel road b) patterns of mounds and dips c) fun to ride d) undesirable to snowmobilers e) a, b, and d above f) all of the above e) a, b, and d above International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Moguls are: a) similar to washboards on a gravel road b) patterns of mounds and dips c) fun to ride d) undesirable to snowmobilers e) a, b, and d above f) all of the above e) a, b, and d above International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Moguls should be: a) cut off at the top and filled in the bottom b) completely cut away c) enhanced with the front blade d) all of the above b) completely cut away International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Moguls should be: a) cut off at the top and filled in the bottom b) completely cut away c) enhanced with the front blade d) all of the above b) completely cut away International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz The four basic operations of trail grooming include removing the mogul, processing and compressing the snow, and setup. True or False 5. Snow must roll or churn to be processed with a grooming drag. True or False 4. True, 5. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz The four basic operations of trail grooming include removing the mogul, processing and compressing the snow, and setup. True 5. Snow must roll or churn to be processed with a grooming drag. True 4. True, 5. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Trail set-up can be similar to freezing a tray of ice cubes – after an hour you may have a crust on the surface of the ice cube but the center isn’t frozen, so you have to wait a few more hours for the ice cubes or the trail to fully freeze solid. True or False 6. True, 7. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz Trail set-up can be similar to freezing a tray of ice cubes – after an hour you may have a crust on the surface of the ice cube but the center isn’t frozen, so you have to wait a few more hours for the ice cubes or the trail to fully freeze solid. True 6. True, 7. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz It generally takes a couple of hours or more of being undisturbed for snow to bond and reach full strength. True or False The length of time needed for a trail to setup correctly can vary from 2 to 6 or even more than 10 hours, depending upon the temperature and moisture content of the snow. True or False 6. True, 7. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 Quiz It generally takes a couple of hours or more of being undisturbed for snow to bond and reach full strength. True The length of time needed for a trail to setup correctly can vary from 2 to 6 or even more than 10 hours, depending upon the temperature and moisture content of the snow. True 6. True, 7. True International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators Chapter 1 – Training Program Photo & Illustration Credits JRJ Design Kim Raap – Trails Work Consulting Pisten Bully R.M. Lang Snow Country Groomers Tucker Sno-Cat Project Manager Kim Raap – Trails Work Consulting 4015 S. Brady Court – Sioux Falls, SD 57103 (605) 371-9799 Trailswork@aol.com Contact IASA at www.snowiasa.org International Association of Snowmobile Administrators

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & DISCLAIMER This series of Power Point training slides has been produced to accompany Chapters 1 – 6 of Guidelines for Snowmobile Trail Groomer Operator Training – A Resource Guide for Trail Grooming Managers and Equipment Operators which was produced by the International Association of Snowmobile Administrators (IASA) in 2005. This project has been produced by IASA, with financial assistance from the Recreational Trails Program administered by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to aid local operator training. This training program is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The contents of this program do not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Special recognition is given to the many agencies, companies, and individuals whose photos have been used for demonstration purposes in this project. Sponsors of this project do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturer’s names appear in this training program only because they are considered essential to the object of these training slides. Copyright © 2007 Owned by the International Association of Snowmobile Administrators. All Rights Reserved. International Association of Snowmobile Administrators