Transistor.

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Presentation transcript:

Transistor

BJT Transistors: NPN Transistor PNP Transistor Sandwiching a P-type layer between two n-type layers. PNP Transistor Sandwiching a N-type layer between two p-type layers.

How a “NPN” Transistor works? The base-emitter diode (forward) acts as a switch. when v1>0.7 it lets the electrons flow toward collector. so we can control our output current (Ic) with the input current (Ib) by using transistors. E C B backward Forward

Transistors have three terminals: Collector Base Emitter Active: Always on Ic=BIb Saturation :Ic=Isaturation On as a switch Transistors work in 3 regions Off :Ic=0 Off as a switch

Transistor as a Switch Transistors can be used as switches.1 Transistors can either conduct or not conduct current.2 ie, transistors can either be on or off.2

Transistor Switching Example15 12V Variable Voltage Supply When VBE is less than 0.7V the transistor is off and the lamp does not light. When VBE is greater than 0.7V the transistor is on and the lamp lights.

Transistor Circuit : Light-Controlled Circuit This transistor circuit contains a Light-Dependent Resistor. Because of the LDR, this circuit is dependent on light. The purpose of this circuit is to turn on the LED when the light reaches a certain intensity. LED = Off. Cover LDR. RLDR . VLDR . Transistor switches on. LED = On. Input = Voltage Divider Process = Transistor Output = LED

Transistor as an amplifier: Transistors are often used as amplifiers to increase input signal in radios, televisions and some other applications .The circuit may be designed to increase the current or voltage level. The power gain is the product of current gain and voltage gain (P=V*I).

Amplifier example: Example: Input Amplitude =0.2v Output amplitude=10v As you see, the transistor is biased to be always on. The input signal is amplified by this circuit. The frequency of output is the same as its input, but the polarity of the signal is inverted. The measure of amplification is the gain of transistor. Example: Input Amplitude =0.2v Output amplitude=10v Gain=10/0.2=50

Field Effect Transistors JFET MOSFET CMOS

How a JFET transistor works? When the gate is negative ,it repels the electron in the N-channel. So there is no way for electrons to flow from source to drain. When the negative voltage is removed from Gate ,the electrons can flow freely from source to drain .so the transistor is on.

How a MOSFET Transistor works? In MosFET, the Gate is insulated from p-channel or n-channel. This prevents gate current from flowing, reducing power usage. When the Gate is positive voltage ,it allows electrons to flow from drain to source .In this case transistor is on.

How a CMOS transistor works? N-channel & P-channel MOSFETs can be combined in pairs with a common gate . When Gate (input) is high ,electrons can flow in N-channel easily . So output becomes low. (opposite of input) When Gate (input) is low ,holes can flow in P-channel easily. So output becomes high. (opposite of input)

The modern computer is a digital and electronic device. SWITCHING The modern computer is a digital and electronic device. Runs on flow of electrons - movement of electrons from outer valence shells on atoms Requires force/energy to pull an electron out of a shell - Electro-motive force (EMF) - Voltage How tightly the electrons are held determines how much voltage is needed and is quantified as resistance Number of Electrons flowing is quantified as Amperes

Computers are electronic switching devices Voltage source (battery) Meter to detect voltage differential 5 5 Short Circuit large voltage flow, but no voltage differential 5

Digital Switch - Transistor Computers are constructed from transistors Transistor are used as on-off switches (0-off, 1-on), hence binary 5 5

Transistor controlling the circuit 5 5

Measuring Output before the transistor Acts as an invertor No voltage on the input causes the meter to read 5 volts A voltage on the input causes the meter to read zero 5 5

NAND – Not AND A B Out 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 A B 5 A B