Carbon Accounting in the Waste Sector Prof Jim Baird Caledonian Environment Centre Glasgow Caledonian University 1

Scotland’s Waste Households 3.2 Million Tonnes Offices/Schools/Shops/Industry 8.4 Million Tonnes Construction and Demolition 10.4 Million Tonnes 2

Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) Tightened up standards for operation Required pre-treatment of waste prior to landfill And Perhaps most significantly: Set targets for the diversion of Biodegradable Municipal Waste –Municipal Waste –Biodegradable 3

Definitions Municipal Waste –EU - waste from households, as well as other waste, which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from household –UK – Waste Collected by or on behalf of the Local Authority Biodegradable –Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as; food and garden waste; and paper and cardboard Leads to Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) 4

Effect of Recycling on Biodegradable tonnage 3.2Mt/yr 2.5Mt/yr /32005/ Landfill Directive Targets

Implications By 2010 – need 300kt/yr treatment capacity 5 of these 6

Or 4 of these Implications 7

Or a lot more of this: Implications 8

Or Even better - 9

Evolving Drivers – Recycling Targets Scotland currently recycles/composts around 30% of MSW New recycling/composting targets: 40% by % by % by % by 2025 New National Waste Plan with single outcome agreements for each local authorities Max. 25% mixed waste treated using efficient energy technologies (e.g. EfW) 10

First Wave: Recycling and Composting 11

Energy Sector CO2 E Manufacturing Sector Business Consumers Householders (Councils) Resources CO2 E Landfill CO2 E Waste Sector Reprocessor MaterialsEfW 12

Current Situation -41% Recycling BASELINE 2010/11 (41% RECYCLING) SCHEMECOST (£K) TONNAGE (Tonnes) Cost Per tonne (£/t) % MSW RECYCLED COMPOSTED CO 2 (Equivalent) Emissions t/year Kerbside blue bin 4357, %-13,532 Kerbside black box 6663, %-2,975 Kerbside green waste 6017,298829%136 Special uplifts 000%0 Recycling Centres 1,21912, %-3,591 Commercial waste -6841,1421%-1,878 Landfilled Residual Waste 4, £27 Collection --24,526 £73 Disposal+Tax Administration 1,772-- TOTALS 8,11632,33841%2,686 An Example Council Population: 60,000 households 13

Increased Recycling – 52% Recycling BASELINE Plus 2010/11 (52% RECYCLING) SCHEMECOST (£K) TONNAGE (Tonnes) Cost Per tonne (£/t) % MSW RECYCLED COMPOSTED CO 2 (Equivalent) Emissions t/year Kerbside blue bin 8019,81682 (54)13%-16,698 Kerbside black box 6663,732178(178)5%-2,975 Kerbside green waste 1,75212,908135(82)16%284 Special uplifts 1701,156147(0)2%-2,975 Recycling Centres 1,21912,169100(100)16%-3,539 Commercial waste -6841,1421%-1,878 Landfilled Residual Waste 3, £35 (£27) Collection --18,760 £73 Disposal + Tax Administration 1,772-- TOTALS 9,16640,92452%-6, An Example Council Population: 60,000 households

Carbon Impacts – 4 Components Collection – vehicles locally collecting waste Local Reprocessing – includes transport to markets Displacing Virgin Material Landfilling residual 15

Displacement of Virgin Materials Tonne CO2(E)/tonne USEPA WARM USEPA reportAEATERMWRAPAve Aluminium Cans Glass HDPE PET Mixed Paper - Residential Corrugated Box Steel Cans

Carbon Emissions – Recycling Programmes Carbon Eq Tonnes/yr Baseline Scenario 41% recyclingBaseline Plus Scenario 52% Recycling CollectionMRFReprocessingLandfillTotalCollectionMRF Reproces singLandfillTotalDifference Dry Recyclate Collection , , , ,698-3,166 Garden Waste Black Box (Cans/Glass) ,1620-2, ,1620-2,9750 Bulky Uplift Service Recycling Centre - Source Segregation 066-3,6050-3, ,6050-3,5390 Recycling Centre - Residual Recovery Commercial Waste Collection ,9990-1, ,9990-1,8780 Residual Waste Collection/Disposal ,41724, ,65018,760-5,767 Total Impact (C Eq Tonnes) ,98324,4172, ,80518,650-6,522-9,209 17

Carbon Emissions – Recycling Programmes Carbon Eq Tonnes/yr Baseline Scenario 41% recyclingBaseline Plus Scenario 52% Recycling CollectionMRFReprocessingLandfillTotalCollectionMRF Reproces singLandfillTotalDifference Dry Recyclate Collection , , , ,698-3,166 Garden Waste Black Box (Cans/Glass) ,1620-2, ,1620-2,9750 Bulky Uplift Service Recycling Centre - Source Segregation 066-3,6050-3, ,6050-3,5390 Recycling Centre - Residual Recovery Commercial Waste Collection ,9990-1, ,9990-1,8780 Residual Waste Collection/Disposal ,41724, ,65018,760-5,767 Total Impact (C Eq Tonnes) ,98324,4172, ,80518,650-6,522-9,209 18

Carbon Emissions – Recycling Programmes Carbon Eq Tonnes/yr Baseline Scenario 41% recyclingBaseline Plus Scenario 52% Recycling CollectionMRFReprocessingLandfillTotalCollectionMRF Reproces singLandfillTotalDifference Dry Recyclate Collection , , , ,698-3,166 Garden Waste Black Box (Cans/Glass) ,1620-2, ,1620-2,9750 Bulky Uplift Service Recycling Centre - Source Segregation 066-3,6050-3, ,6050-3,5390 Recycling Centre - Residual Recovery Commercial Waste Collection ,9990-1, ,9990-1,8780 Residual Waste Collection/Disposal ,41724, ,65018,760-5,767 Total Impact (C Eq Tonnes) ,98324,4172, ,80518,650-6,522-9,209 19

Carbon Emissions – Recycling Programmes Carbon Eq Tonnes/yr Baseline Scenario 41% recyclingBaseline Plus Scenario 52% Recycling CollectionMRFReprocessingLandfillTotalCollectionMRF Reproces singLandfillTotalDifference Dry Recyclate Collection , , , ,698-3,166 Garden Waste Black Box (Cans/Glass) ,1620-2, ,1620-2,9750 Bulky Uplift Service Recycling Centre - Source Segregation 066-3,6050-3, ,6050-3,5390 Recycling Centre - Residual Recovery Commercial Waste Collection ,9990-1, ,9990-1,8780 Residual Waste Collection/Disposal ,41724, ,65018,760-5,767 Total Impact (C Eq Tonnes) ,98324,4172, ,80518,650-6,522-9,209 20

Carbon Emissions – Recycling Programmes Carbon Eq Tonnes/yr Baseline Scenario 41% recyclingBaseline Plus Scenario 52% Recycling CollectionMRFReprocessingLandfillTotalCollectionMRF Reproces singLandfillTotalDifference Dry Recyclate Collection , , , ,698-3,166 Garden Waste Black Box (Cans/Glass) ,1620-2, ,1620-2,9750 Bulky Uplift Service Recycling Centre - Source Segregation 066-3,6050-3, ,6050-3,5390 Recycling Centre - Residual Recovery Commercial Waste Collection ,9990-1, ,9990-1,8780 Residual Waste Collection/Disposal ,41724, ,65018,760-5,767 Total Impact (C Eq Tonnes) ,98324,4172, ,80518,650-6,522-9,209 21

Scotland’s Emissions Mt CO 2 E Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture8.77 Land Waste Total

Scotland’s Carbon Emissions (CO 2 E) 59Mt Energy Sector Industrial Processes Agriculture Land Use/Forestry Waste 2.36Mt (4%) Fugitive landfill Emissions Gas Recovery Collection Reprocessing Recycled materials ScotlandScotland’s Waste Sector 23

Impact of Scotland’s Municipal Waste 3.2Mt/yr to manage – two scenarios –Scenario 1 No recycling – all waste to landfill –Scenario 2 52% recycling – remainder to landfill Expanding of kerbside collection services Recycling Centres Focus of organic materials being recovered LandfillCollectionReprocessing Displace Raw Materials 24

Impact of Scotland’s Municipal Waste LandfillCollectionReprocessing Displace Raw Materials 25 Kt CO 2 ENo Recycling52% Recycling Collection1118 Sorting and delivery to market --69 Displacement of Virgin Material Landfill4,5481,727 Total4,

Energy Sector CO2 E Manufacturing Sector Business Consumers Householders (Councils) Resources CO2 E Landfill CO2 E Waste Sector Reprocessor MaterialsEfW 26

Waste Management Contributing to Scotland’s Carbon Reduction Programme Landfill Diversion – helping to reduce the 2.36Mt/yr –BMW reductions help – Landfill gas as energy recovery remains critical –Doesn’t address commercial organic wastes though Recycling – helping to reduce the 59Mt/yr –Small contribution to emissions from collection –Through raw material substitution – major contribution –Yet what fiscal carbon mechanism works to support the waste sector? none 27

But what about Waste Prevention Avoiding the production of waste is best Taking a basket of materials (Paper/card/plastic/textiles/glass/metals) –Avoided CO2 per tonne of material (USEPA data) –Apply 10% reduction of these materials across MSW and C&I waste streams in Scotland Predicts 1Mt/yr in CO 2 TE emissions reduction! 28

Waste Supporting Carbon Reduction ActivityPossible (ktCO2E) contribution Recycling Collection6 Sorting Reprocessing69 Landfill(-)2,821 Displacement of Raw Material(-)1,935 Prevention (10% of basket materials)(-)1,000 Total(-)5,681 Well targeted waste policies have a compounding effect and could contribute 6% towards Scotland’s 80% reduction targets 29

To Conclude: Waste Management can play an important role in reducing Scotland’s GHG Emissions The IPCC Reporting Mechanisms limit the extent to which the waste sector is credited for its contribution. 30