Organization Unit 3

Why is it important for environmentalists to understand how organisms are organized? Every organism is a chemical factory that captures matter & energy from its environment and transforms them into structures & processes that make life possible… We are learning Atoms …… Biosphere Day 1

Levels of Organization All elements are composed of one type of atom: Atoms (the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element) are made of subatomic particles: Protons (+) in the nucleus Neutrons (0) in the nucleus Electrons (-) outside the nucleus in electron cloud Give atoms their weight Day 1 Bohr Model of nitrogen Dot diagram - shows valence electrons

Levels of Organization Compounds: substances composed of different kinds of atoms Day 2

Levels of Organization The Four Organic Compounds that make up bio-compound in cells: Lipids: fats & oils Store energy & make up cell membrane Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, & cellulose Store energy & provide cell structure Proteins: amino acids Structure, enzyme, immunity Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA (made of sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base) Store & express genetic information Day 2

Create a graphic organizer for the four macromolecules. Be sure to include: Name of Macromolecule Function of Macromolecule What are they made up of? (nucleotides, sugars, etc) Examples! (eggs, cell membrane, fruit, etc)

3. Bacteria To Be Turned In: Draw, color, and label the three cell types & their internal structures/ organelles END OF DAY 2 – bubble map

Types of Cells I. Atoms II. Compounds III. Cells Prokaryotic cells: have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Seen in bacteria Day 3

Types of Cells Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus & organelles bound by membrane Seen in plants, animals, fungi, and protists Organelles = tiny organs inside cell Nucleus: house for DNA Mitochondria: “power house”; performs respiration (makes energy from sugar) Chloroplast: in plants only; performs photosynthesis (make sugar from sunlight) Ribosomes: make protein And more… Day 3

Levels of Organization 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes/ Bacteria: (have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles): 1. Archaebacteria Kingdom: “extreme” prokaryotes Found in hot springs, deep sea, sulfur springs 2. Eubacteria Kingdom: general prokaryotes Found everywhere! Important Note: Bacteria act as decomposers Day 3

Levels of Organization Eukaryotes: (have nucleus & membrane-bound organelles): 3. Fungi Kingdom: eukaryotic multicellular absorptive *heterotrophs (eat others for food) 4. Protist Kingdom: eukaryotic single- and multi-celled *autotrophs (make own food) & heterotrophs Day 3

5. Plant Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs 4 Types: Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms (i.e. conifers): seeds are not in flowers/fruits Angiosperms : flowering plants that produce seeds in flower/fruit 6. Animal Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs 2 Types: Invertebrates: animals without spines Examples: Jellyfish, coral, sponges, insects, worms Vertebrates: animals with spines; 5 main types: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Day 3

Levels of Organization Organisms can be organized into higher levels.

Levels of Organization Population: same species living in an area Species = group of similar organisms that can interbreed Example: all the Giant pandas in a forest Community: group of different populations living in same area Example: All the different plants & animals in a forest Day 4

Levels of Organization Ecosystems: area where living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic) things interact Where plants & animals interact with each other & the water, soil, wind, sunlight Day 4

Levels of Organization Biome: Ecosystems with similar climates and communities Example: forest, desert, grassland Biosphere: (Ecosphere)- all ecosystems of the earth Hydrosphere: water portion of Earth Lithosphere: rock/ ground portion of Earth Atmosphere: air portion of Earth Day 4

Ecosystem Pyramid Choose an organism and illustrate a pyramid about the organism Include biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, and species. Provide a definition/description of each level See example for assistance 

Classifying Organisms Classification: The process of putting similar things into groups Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms Organisms are classified into Domains  Species

Classifying Organisms Three Domains: Archaea Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria Eubacteria Kingdom Eukaryota Plant Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protist Kingdom Animal Kingdom

Classifying Organisms Domain Kingdom (king) Phylum (phillip) Class (came) Order (over) Family (for) Genus (grape) Species (soda) Binomial nomenclature is used – Genus species All organisms given two names

Human Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammals Order Primates Family Hominid Genus Homo Species Sapiens Homo sapiens

The Theory of Natural Selection by Evolution Evolution = The change in organisms over time Important: populations change, not individuals Evolution occurs by Natural Selection Theorized by Charles Darwin

Natural Selection: The Steps 4/20/2017 9:40 PM Natural Selection: The Steps 1. Genetic diversity in pop. Some individuals have traits better suited for the environment. 2. Individuals with advantageous traits survive longer & make more offspring. 3. Advantageous traits get passed on to the next generation (next set of offspring) 4. Over time, more individuals have these advantageous traits (adaptation)  evolution © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Adaptation= trait that helps organisms survive in their environment Can be physical, physiological, behavioral, combo.

Environmental Science & Evolution Antibiotic resistance = bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics through natural selection. The steps:

Environmental Science & Evolution Widespread use of antibiotics in medicines, household products & farming has lead to resistant bacteria! Examples include E. coli and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Environmental Science & Evolution Pesticide Resistance = pests develop resistance to chemicals through natural selection