Week Of 4/1/13- 4/12/13 Mrs. Tate D110 biology

Monday ( 5 th and 6 th only) Start working on the evolution web-quest.

Tuesday ( 5 th and 6 th only) Start working on the evolution web-quest ( DUE TOMORROW IF YOU DID NOT FINISH AT THE START !)

Wednesday Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of DNA/RNA; understand that there is evidence that supports evolution. 5 TH /6 TH PERIOD TURN IN YOUR WEBQUESTS! 1.Bell Ringer 47: EOC SE 6A practice questions ( 8 min) 2.Complete Stations 1-7 ( and turn work into the tray). 3.Closure: Reminder List Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13) You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero) Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) evolution test next Tuesday.

Thursday Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of how changes in DNA results in mutations and explain and illustrate the processes of replication, translation, and transcription. ( review old SE’s) 1.Turn in Station Rotation ( 1-7) 2.Bell Ringer 48 ( EOC 6B and 6C ) 3.Copy down vocab ( its due for grading ) 4.Relating science to life – DID YOUR CLASS EARN A FREEBIE????- IF NOT EOC BOOK CHAPTER: EVOLUTION Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13) Vocabulary Homework due You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero) Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) Evolution Test Next Tuesday!

Chapter 18- Classification ( homework due date Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Kingdom Phyla ( phylum) Class Order Family Genus Species Taxon Derived ancestors Cladogram Phylogeny Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Eubacteria Archeabacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae

T. G.I. Friday Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of how organisms are classified. 1.Bell Ringer 49 ( while you are working on this, I will walk around and check your evolution place mats/notes) 2.Classification Engage/Explain 3.Kingdom Matrix Worksheet 4.Closure: reminders Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13) Vocab Homework due ( chapter 18 terms) You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero) Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) Evolution Test Next Tuesday!

Name each cell as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Then label the similarities and differences. Bacteria Cell (Prokaryotic) Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)

Review Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cell are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells What are some differences between plant and animal cells?

Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

Engage : Classification

REMEMBER ______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem ___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other BIODIVERSITY SPECIES

Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far. Estimates = between million species yet be discovered 1.5 million

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships. BIRD... ? Image from: An animal with feathers

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar

A good classification system: Uses names that are _________ Can _____ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS

Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar... are all names for same animal Image from: By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from:

Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Image from: Image from:

Common names can be misleading In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk

By mid 19 th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” Different scientists described different characteristics. PROBLEMS:

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! ( ) Image from:

Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________ Each organism has a two part scientific name = _________________________ TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Kingdom (broad) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (specfic) Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Linneaus System of Classification

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. GENUS NAME SPECIES NAME UNDERLINED ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from:

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 18-2

In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________. MATE characteristics

BUT... which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water? OR with mammals because it breathes air and makes milk for its young?

Look at these 3 organisms: LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE

Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006

LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Look more closely! Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T !

LIMPET CRABBARNACLE Look more closely! Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !

LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = _____________________ Evolutionary classification

MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny

____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = __________________ CLADISTICS Derived characters

Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________ cladogram Image from:

Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth. DNA and RNA

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. MYOSIN

Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family.

American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork recent common ancestor

MOLECULAR CLOCK Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently = ________________

____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Mutations dissimilarity Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”. Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.

Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

Monday Biology – students should understand the different characteristics of kingdoms. 1.Bell Ringer # 50 ( I will check vocabulary homework as you work on your bell work) – EOC 8A practice questions (1-3) 2. Matrix Review/Clean-up/ 18-3 Notes worksheets ( work with your desk-mate ONLY Closure ( reminders) Reminders: Evolution Test tomorrow. Extra credit assignment #3 due tomorrow Vocabulary test this week over chapter 18 terms Classification test this Friday

18-3 Ref. Fig Domains are more inclusive and larger than kingdoms. The three domains are: Eukarya ( protists, fungi, plants, and animals), Bacteria ( organisms from kingdom Eubacteria), and Archaea ( organisms from kingdom Archaeabacteria) Characteristics of each kingdom pages

Archaea and Bacteria Domains Archaea Domain: Archaea are prokaryotic cells which are typically characterized by membranes that are branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of this ether containing linkages in Archaea adds to their ability of withstanding extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions. Extreme halophiles - i.e. organisms which thrive in highly salty environment, and hyperthermophiles - i.e. the organisms which thrive in extremely hot environment, are best examples of Archaea. Bacteria Domain: Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are the best examples of bacteria. As they don't have ether containing linkages like Archaea, they are grouped into a different category - and hence a different domain. There is a great deal of diversity in this domain, such that it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet.

Eukarya Domain Eukarya Domain: As the name suggests, the Eukaryote are eukaryotic cells which have membranes that are pretty similar to that of bacteria. Eukaryote are further grouped into Kingdom Protista (algae, protozoans, etc.), Kingdom Fungi (yeast, mold, etc.), Kingdom Plantae (flowering plants, ferns, etc.) and Kingdom Animalia (insects, vertebrates, etc.). Not all Eukaryotes have a cell wall, and even if they do they don't contain peptidoglycan as bacteria do. While cells are organized into tissues in case of kingdom Plantae as well as kingdom Animalia, the presence of cell walls is only restricted to the members of kingdom Plantae.

Domains continued…. Each of these three domains of life recognized by biologists today contain rRNA which is unique to them, and this fact in itself forms the basis of three-domain system. While the presence of nuclear membrane differentiates the Eukarya domain from Archaea domain and Bacteria domain - both of which lack nuclear membrane, the distinct biochemistry and RNA markers differentiate Archaea a nd Bacteria domains from each other

Reading for knowledge…. Characteristics of each kingdom pages of Chapter 18 in your biology book.

Biology Agenda - Place your belongings ( except for a writing utensil ) on the lab tables and grab your journals! Biology: demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of evolution and the evidence that supports it; understand how a dichotomous key works. 1.Dichotomous Keys ( explain ( notes) and explore ( practice)- 20 min 2.Test: Evolution ( 30 minutes) – 2 minutes per each question (when you finish continue to work on your dichotomous key worksheet ) Turn worksheet into tray Reminders: extra credit due today. Classification test Friday Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz tomorrow journal check today!

How do we determine the identity of something (like the name of a butterfly, a plant, or a rock)? A _______________ is a series of questions which leads to the identification of an item. Dichotomous means “divided into two parts.” There, dichotomous keys will always provide two choices in each step. For Example: Question 1: Is the person ______ or female? Question 2: Does the person wear glasses or not? Question 3: Is the person wearing blue jeans or not? etc. dichotomous key male

Wednesday Biology: Demonstrate an understanding of how organisms are classified within science; understand how to use a dichotomous key. Today’s Agenda 1.Dichotomous Key Project Over view. ( 5 min) 2.Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz ( 15 min) 3. Kingdom Dichotomous Key Station Rotation ( 15 minutes per each station) - which means you should complete TWO rotations today.---Use your own paper 4. Reminders/Clean up room ( 5 min) Reminders: Zeros remain zeros until YOU handle it! Grades will be fully updated by 8 pm tonight. Check skyward and if you are failing, HANDLE YOUR BUISNESS! Classification Test this Friday ( hope you study every evening) I will except extra credit assignment #2 until next Friday, #3 by this Friday. Your project will be due next Wednesday ( 4/17/13)