Chapter 11

Chapter 11, Section 1

 Determines an organism’s traits  Produces proteins

 Long  Polymer of repeating subunits (nucleotides)

 3 Parts:  Simple Sugar Deoxyribose  Phosphate Group Phosphate with 4 oxygen  Nitrogenous Base Carbon ring with 1 or more nitrogen Four types: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

 Nucleotides form chains  Phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to sugar of another nucleotide

 Complementary base pairs held with weak hydrogen bonds  Adenine and Thymine  Guanine and Cytosine

 Page 289  Answer 3 Thinking Critically questions

 Discovered DNA structure  Double Helix  Also involved: Maurice Wilkins and the other by Rosalind Franklin

 Use white board

 Use laminated pieces

 Use Play-Doh  Circles for Phosphate  Squares for Sugar  Triangles for Nitrogen Bases

 Results from the differing sequences of the four different nucleotides

 Determine  relatedness  evolutionary relationships What would be closely related to the chimp?

 Read carefully  Page  Answer Critical Thinking Question

 During interphase – before meiosis or mitosis  Four Steps

 DNA double helix unzips  Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases split  Result: 2 nucleotide strands with their nitrogenous bases exposed

 Base Pairing – free nucleotides base pair with exposed nucleotides  Adenine with Thymine  Guanine with Cytosine  Result: each strand builds its complement

 Sugar and phosphate parts of adjacent nucleotides bond  Result: new backbone for each strand

 Two molecules of DNA are formed  Semi-Conservative Replication – each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly synthesized from free nucleotides

 One strand of DNA is re-used  The other strand is newly constructed

Chapter 11, Section 2

 Polymer made of amino acids (monomer)  Control bodily functions  DNA is responsible for constructing  Use amino acids

 Deoxyribonucleic Acid  Composed of nucleotides  Gives instructions on how to make protein

 Ribonucleic acid  Composed of nucleotides  Single stranded  Sugar = ribose  Replaces thymine (nitrogenous base) with uracil  Base pairs with adenine

 Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Brings info from DNA in the nucleus to cytoplasm  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Ribosomes clamp onto the mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Transports amino acids to the ribosome to assemble the protein

 On mRNA  Each set of three nitrogen bases  Codes for a specific amino acid

 On tRNA  Each set of three nitrogen bases  Carries a specific amino acid

 Page 297  Answer all questions  Everyone needs to write answers  Answer can be written in notes

 Universal  ie: UAC codes for the amino acid tyrosine  ALWAYS  In bacteria, birch trees, bison and every other living thing on the planet  Evidence that all life on Earth evolved from a common origin

 Four nucleotides  20 Amino Acids  Proteins are built from long chains of DNA  DNA lined-up end-to-end in all the human cells of an adult would stretch to about 60 billion miles (about 60 times the distance from the sun to Pluto, the outer most fake planet)

 Double stranded DNA to single stranded RNA  mRNA  Sugar is now ribose  Uracil is used (instead of thymine)  Occurs in nucleus

Figure of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Gene Promoter Triplet 1 Triplet 2 Triplet 3 Triplet Complementary triplets RNA polymerase Codon 1 RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine mRNA strand Codon 1 Codon 2 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal)

Figure of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Gene KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine

Figure of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Gene KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Promoter Triplet 1 Triplet 2 Triplet 3 Triplet Complementary triplets RNA polymerase

Figure of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Gene Codon 1 RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Promoter Triplet 1 Triplet 2 Triplet 3 Triplet Complementary triplets RNA polymerase

Figure of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Gene Codon 1 RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine mRNA strand Codon 1 Codon 2 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal) Promoter Triplet 1 Triplet 2 Triplet 3 Triplet Complementary triplets RNA polymerase

 From mRNA to protein  Takes place at the ribosomes  Uses tRNA

 Carry Anticodon  Opposite nitrogenous bases from codon  Used to attach to codon on mRNA  Carry 1 specific amino acid

 Happen on ribosome (made of rRNA and protein)  tRNA bring in first amino acid by attaching it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon  Ribosome moves down  Next tRNA brings in next amino acid by attaching it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon  2 amino acids bond  First tRNA detaches  Repeats until protein is constructed

Figure of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon Peptide bond The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit Completed polypeptide

Figure of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.

Figure of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Large ribosomal subunit

Figure of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon

Figure of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon Peptide bond The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure of 6 KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine KEY NUCLEUS mRNA Amino acid tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Small ribosomal subunit mRNA strandStart codon The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple- mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon Peptide bond The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit Completed polypeptide

 Page 299  Answer all questions

Chapter 11, Section 3

 Any change in the DNA sequence  May  have large effect or no effect  be helpful or harmful  cause cancer  lead to natural selection and evolution  occur in reproductive cells or body cells

 Change in a single base pair in the DNA  Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR

 Single base is added or deleted from DNA  Shifts the reading of codons by one base  Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT ETH ECA T

 Disrupt distribution of genes to gametes during meiosis  Cause nondisjunction  Homologous chromosomes cannot pair correctly when they have an extra or are missing a part

 Deletion  ABC DEF GHI  ABC DFG HI  Insertion  ABC DEF GHI  ABC BCD EFG HI  Inversion  ABC DEF GHI  ADC BEF GHI  Translocation  ABC DEF GHI and WXYZ  WXA BCD EFG HI and YZ

 Page 305  Answer all questions

 Page 306  Answer all questions

 Anything that is capable of causing mutations  Ie: radiation (X-Rays, UV light, nuclear energy), chemicals, high temperatures

 Mistakes rarely happen  When they do, there are repair mechanisms  Enzymes  Greater exposure to mutagen, less chance the mistake will be corrected

 19 Multiple Choice  12 Completion  5 Short Answer/Essay