K v siker SOCIAL SCIENCE 1.geography 7 TH presented by :- Mangal Ram Bairwa(TGT sst.) K v siker SOCIAL SCIENCE 1.geography 7 TH presented by :- Mangal Ram Bairwa(TGT sst.)

GEOGRAPHY OUR ENVIRONMENT

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

FORESTS 1.TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTTROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST TropicalTropical evergreen forests are usually found in areas receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 °C to 30 °C. They occupy about seven per cent of the Earth's land surface and harbour more than half of the planet's terrestrial plants and animals. Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered, and harbour many types of plants and animals. The trees are evergreen as there is no period of drought or frost. The canopy tree species are mostly tall hardwoods with broad leaves that release large quantities of water through transpiration, in a cycle that is important in raising as much mineral nutrient material as possible from the soil.evergreen

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Temperate deciduous forests or temperate broad- leaf forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas where warm, moist summers alternate with mild winters. [1] The three major areas of this forest type occur in the northern hemisphere: eastern North America, eastern Asia, [2] and Europe. Smaller areas occur in Australasia and southern South America. [3] Examples of typical trees include oak, maple, beech, and elm. The diversity of tree species is higher in regions where the winter is milder, and also in mountainous regions that provide an array of soil types and microclimates. [4] One of the world's great protected examples of this forest type is found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. [5][6] [1]North Americaeastern Asia [2]EuropeAustralasiaSouth America [3]oakmaplebeechelm [4]Great Smoky Mountains National Park [5][6]

GRASSLANDS Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae), however sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica. In temperate latitudes, such as northwestern Europe and the Great Plains andCalifornia in North America, native grasslands are dominated by perennial bunch grass species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation. [1]vegetationgrassesPoaceaeCyperaceaeJuncaceaeAntarcticatemperatelatitudesnorthwestern EuropeGreat PlainsCaliforniaNorth Americabunch grassclimates [1] Grasslands are found in most ecoregions of the Earth. For example there are five terrestrial ecoregion classifications (subdivisions) of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome ('ecosystem'), which is one of eight terrestrial ecozones of the Earth's surface.ecoregionsEarthterrestrial ecoregiontemperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublandsbiomeecosystemterrestrial ecozones

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT – SETTLEMENT, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

TRANSPORT Transport is the means by which people and goods move. There are four means of the transportation— 1.Roadways 2.Railways 3. Waterways and 4. Airways ROADWAYS The most commonly used means of transport especially for short distances are road. They can be metalled (pucca) and unmetalled (kutcha). The roads built underground are called subways/ under paths RAILWAYS The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly and cheaply. Indian railway is thelargest in Asia.

Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft— such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed- wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.watercraftbargeboatshipsailboatseaoceanlakecanalriverhullfixed-wing aircraftrotary-wing aircraftgyroplaneairliners

COMMUNICATION Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.message

LIFE IN THE DESERTS A desert is a landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount of precipitation, less than enough to support growth of most plants. Most deserts have an average annual precipitation of less than 400 millimetres (16 in). [1] A common definition distinguishes between true deserts, which receive less than 250 millimetres (10 in) of average annual precipitation, and semideserts or steppes, which receive between 250 millimetres (10 in) and 400 to 500 millimetres (16 to 20 in).landscaperegionprecipitation [1]semideserts

Human life in deserts A desert is a hostile, potentially deadly environment for unprepared humans. In hot deserts, high temperatures cause rapid loss of water due tosweating, and the absence of water sources with which to replenish it can result in dehydration and death within a few days. In addition, unprotected humans are also at risk from heatstroke.sweatingdehydrationheatstroke

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