“Sustainable Power Development through Green Power Technologies” Presented By: Dr. V. K. Sethi Director-UIT, Rector RGPV State Tech Univ of MP & Head, Energy Deptt

The Major Contradictory Challenges Faced by Developing world Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge Climate Change - rising GHG level Continued focus on coal based generation

Government of India’s National Missions National Solar Mission 2009 National Renewable Energy Mission “A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012” National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power National Bio-diesel Mission National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation

CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations. Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%. CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century. Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

China and India are projected to account China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use. World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.) Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next Three decades for India (87,093 MW Coal based generation out of 1,63,669 MW total power installed capacity)

CO2 equivalent (CO2+CH4+NOX) Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2) Energy Sector CO2 CO2 equivalent (CO2+CH4+NOX) Total Emission 834 (58% of total) 928 (64% of total) Source: IAE: 1999

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal Power: Thermal 326,000MW Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW Nuclear 20,000 MW Total 450,000 MW

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India - 0.16 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day. By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century. Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

The National Solar Mission The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges of Climate Change

INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW Thermal Generation … over 64 % Although no GHG reduction targets for India but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY EFFICIENCY CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

Mission Energy Security and Energy independence Climate Change – Nature’s Fury Solar for irrigation High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells Hydrogen as Fuel for future Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear Reactor Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

“We conclude that CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO2 emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.”  – MIT 2007 “Citizens of poor countries have the right to aspire to better standards of living… clean coal is key.” – Arun Ghosh, Global Economic Fellow, Oxford University “For decades, the coal industry has supported quality high-paying jobs for American workers, and coal has provided an important domestic source of reliable, affordable energy….  Charting a path toward clean coal is essential to achieving my Administration’s goals of providing clean energy…”  – President Barack Obama, 2010  

Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11th & 12th Plans Supercritical Power Plants Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

SUPER CRITICAL UNITS Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum) Common Off site facility FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6 Heaters. Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW * Number of Units 22 Units * Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

Main advantages of Super-Critical Steam Cycle Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power generated compared to sub-critical Very good part load efficiencies Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

Current State-of-Art Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants Pressure - 300 bar Temperature - 600oC Efficiency - 45% (LHV Basis) Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC By the year 2011 - 620 oC By the year 2020 - 650-700 oC Cycle Efficiency - 50-55%

IGCC TECHNOLOGY ... Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency. Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%. The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are: 7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant. - Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements in IGCC are : hot gas de-sulfurisation hot gas particulate removal advanced turbine systems

IGCC

Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc. CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology: Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler Steam to Super Heater Cyclone Furnace Coal Feed Hopper Ash Cooler Back-Pass ESP External Heat-Exchanger HP Air Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler

CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies 0.8-0.98 1.49 1.0 Relative O&M Cost/kW 1.15-1.42 1.03-1.19 Relative Capital Cost/kW 41-42 36.7 34.8 Cycle Efficiency % IGCC PF+FGD/SCR CFBC ITEM At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.

Green Energy solutions Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology Energy Farming Energy Efficiency Major shift towards Green Technologies Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India Table: 05 Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India Technology Greenhouse gas emission reduction Investment cost Cost-effectiveness (dollars/tonne CO2) Green Power generation Cogeneration 1.50 kg/kWh 900 dollars/kW 10 (most cost effective) Combined cycle 0.96 kg/kWh 818 dollars/kW 54 (cost effective) Inter-cooled steam-injected gas turbine 0.76 kg/kWh 947 dollars/kW 77 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion 0.18 kg/kWh 1894 dollars/kW 503 Integrated gasification combined cycle 0.23 kg/kWh 1578 dollars/kW 340 (at par) Pulverized coal super-critical boilers 1202 dollars/kW 342 (at par) Coal washing 0.125 kg/kWh 11 dollars/kW 179 CFBC 0.20 kg/kWh 1000 dollars/kW 250 Renewable energy for power small hydro 1.3 kg/kWh 1950 dollars/kW 88 (cost effective) wind farms 1405 dollars/kW 257 Biomass 1.6 kg/kWh 710 dollars/kW 102 (cost effective) Solar thermal 3730 dollars/kW 592 Solar PV (photovoltaic) 1.6 kg/kWh 5952 dollars/kW 541

Impact Green Projects at RGTU CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of RGTU High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors

CO2 Capture & Sequestration Project An Impact Project of DST at RGPV Bhopal MODELING & SIMULATION OF CARBON RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY THROUGH CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO USEFUL MULTIPURPOSE FUEL

Broad area of Research: CO2 SEQUESTRATION (Under the National Program on Carbon Sequestration – NPCS of DST) Sub Area – Project Title: Modeling & Simulation of Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion of CO2 Into Multipurpose Fuels. Objectives of the Proposal: 1. To establish a pilot plant for CO2 sequestration and conversion in to multipurpose fuel. 2. To develop Zero Emission Technology Projects and recycle Carbon-di-oxide to add value to clean energy projects by adopting two pathways: Sequester CO2 and convert the same into fuel molecules. Use CO2 to grow micro algae to produce Bio-diesel and Methane Gas. 3. To develop mathematical & chemical models for CO2 sequestration, Hydro Gasifier, Catalytic conversion & Algae pond systems.

The following four systems have been incorporated: 1. CO2 Capture & sequestration system – Indigenous Development 2. Catalytic Flash Reduction of CO2 using charcoal from gasifier /lignite. Production of Hydrogen from CO 3.Production of Methane using Catalytic Conversion process 4. Production of Algae from CO2 Sequestration with Solar flux.

CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project

Methodology Description of the Pilot Plant:- Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day Source of CO2: Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass Gasifier of 10kWe Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) SOx & NOx Removal: Na H CO3, NaOH & Lime. Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst “R - 01 * - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst “R - 02 * - For CO ... Input CO2 and Lignite /charcoals

Scheme Diagram of CO2 Capture Pilot Plant

Innovations: Capture of CO2 from Biomass and a Boiler on Pilot Scale and achieving capture efficiency of the order of 78% Production of CO in stable form and Water Gas shift reaction to produce fuel molecules like H2 Catalyst development to produce Methane from the captured CO2 Enhancing productivity of selected Micro-Algae for production of Bio- diesel Plant Cost optimization through in-house designing and erection work

THE ROAD MAP Government of India has declared its policy on CO2 abatement by the announcement and adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change’. It has also made voluntary commitment at the Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050. The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA regulations to be implemented there have to be a road map as to how this can be done without major impact on the cost or efficiency of the Thermal Plants

Solution lies in… The thermal plants in India have a thermal efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of 0.90Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions as published by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity would translate to a decrease of 0.20Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions i.e. below 0.70Kg/kWh CO2 emissions by 2020. This decrease is possible by a combination of abatement and recycling measures. The CO2 reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO2 capture would mean a decrease of Thermal Efficiency by 2%

Recycling of CO2 The CO2 so captured needs to be either compressed to be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery or recycled. The better option would be that the same be recycled. The system additions to the existing thermal plants would be a two stage gasifier to use up this CO2. This would help recycle the Carbon of the CO2 and the treated/ converted CO would be re-fed into the Boiler by means of a Gas Burner. This two stage gasifier would be made of a Gasifier Chamber where the Coal is gasified by an Oxy Fuel Process and this heated Gas fed into the second Reactor where treated Carbon is fed to react with the CO2 being fed from the Amine stripper. The CO2 so fed would be converted into CO having a LHV of 2414 kcal/Kg or 64.37% coal equivalent in terms of the Indian Coal having an average heat value of 3750 kcal/Kg

Application Potential: Long Term Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player Immediate Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching & Research (M. Tech & PhD) Future action plan: Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with Research Organizations and Power Industries.

Carbon Capture & Sequestration India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. Some of the demo pilot projects include. -Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS will depend on this technology being cost effective. -Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today Fuel switching (Coal NG) Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO2 Capture) Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture) Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS

Demo Project –Strategy Plan Retrofit of existing 500MW coal fired thermal power plant in India. Demo with Post Combustion Capture and CO2 Usage Coal Air Boiler Stack CO2 Capture Flue Gas Steam Condensate Turbine Generator CO2 Electricity Treatment N2 , O2 , H2O N2 , CO2, O2 , H2O, CO Converter Plant engineers construction or modification RGTU specifies requirements – Industry partner Engineers’ construction or modification Algae Plant Bio-Fuel Recycled Fuel H2 FGD Storage/EOR Modification to turbine cycle Scale of carbon capture 30% First full by-pass CO2, then to recycling Implementation strategy: Algae plant from beginning Catalyst Dev. Addition of gas treatment facility required, depending on present application Work on burner By OEM Storage or EOR

CO2 Capture/Sequestration 200 150 100 50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Nuclear Renewable Million tones CO2 Figure: Comparison of CO2 capture & Sequestration Technologies with other leading mid-to long-term option $ per tonne CO2 avoided

Issues before the house Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2 capture and Clean Coal Technologies Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation on the top of the National Agenda Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of Energy Efficiency and Green Environment initiatives. Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and Green Technologies need to be redefined.

Thanks