©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Chapter 26: America’s Rise to Globalism Preview: “As the Depression accelerated the rise of militarism in Europe and Asia, most Americans hoped to remain isolated from war. Only Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the conflict….the dropping of two atomic bombs to end the war underscored America’s new role as the preeminent power in a globally interdependent world.” The Highlights: The United States in a Troubled World The United States in a Troubled World A Global War A Global War Those Who Fought Those Who Fought War Production War Production A Question of Rights A Question of Rights Winning the War and the Peace Winning the War and the Peace

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The United States in a Troubled World Pacific Interests Pacific Interests –In assuming colonial control over the Philippines, Americans acquired an interest in the western Pacific –Stimson Doctrine Becoming a Good Neighbor Becoming a Good Neighbor –Good Neighbor policy –U.S. found a new Latin willingness to cooperate in matters of common defense 26-2

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Diplomacy of Isolationism The Diplomacy of Isolationism –The rise of fascism –Recognition of the Soviet Union –Nye Committee (1935) –Internationalists versus isolationists Neutrality Legislation Neutrality Legislation –The Neutrality Act of 1935 –Spanish Civil War –Cash-and-carry: belligerents could buy supplies other than munitions –Aggression in China 26-3

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Inching toward War Inching toward War –Quarantine speech –Appeasement: became synonymous with betrayal, weakness, and surrender Hitler’s Invasion Hitler’s Invasion –Germany begins World War II by invading Poland in 1939 –Blitzkrieg: “Lightning war” 26-4

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26-5

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Retreat from Isolationism Retreat from Isolationism –Battle of Britain –Lend-lease aid –Atlantic Charter Disaster in the Pacific Disaster in the Pacific –Japanese expansion –Pearl Harbor: December 7,

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26-7

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Strategies for War Strategies for War –Defeat Germany first –Allies faced a daunting future Gloomy Prospects Gloomy Prospects –U-boat war –Fall of the Philippines A Global War 26-8

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A Grand Alliance A Grand Alliance –The Big Three: Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt –Operation Torch The Naval War in the Pacific The Naval War in the Pacific –Midway, a small island guarding the approach west of Hawaii –The Japanese lost many of their best carrier pilots 26-9

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Turning Points in Europe Turning Points in Europe –Stalingrad (1942) –By fall of 1942, Allies gained edge in war for the Atlantic “By the fall of 1942 the Allies had their first successes in the European war”(874)

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Those Who Fought Uneasy Recruits Uneasy Recruits –African Americans at war –Mexican Americans had a higher enlistment rate than the general population –Choices for homosexuals Women at War Women at War –WACs –There were female pilots but they had restrictions 26-11

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill War Production Finding an Industrial Czar Finding an Industrial Czar –War Production Board –West Coast war industries –Civil defense, “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers,” “victory” gardens Science Goes to War Science Goes to War –Science and technology changed the way war was fought –The Manhattan Project 26-12

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill War Work and Prosperity War Work and Prosperity –Tax reform –Payroll deduction system Organized Labor Organized Labor –War Labor Board –Lewis leads a coal strike 26-13

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Women Workers Women Workers –“Womanpower” fills the labor shortage –With husbands off at war, women needed additional income –The war inspired a change in economic roles for women without a revolution in attitudes about gender Mobility Mobility –The war change where people worked geographically –Between at least 15.3 million people changed their county of residence 26-14

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26-15

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Global Labor Migrations Global Labor Migrations –The refugee population in China was as high as 50 million –Military prisoners and captured civilians forced into virtual slave labor “In the United States the war changed the composition of the workforce and where people worked. The Census Bureau determined that between Pearl Harbor in 1941 and March 1945 at least 15.3 million people besides those in the military had changed addresses”(883)

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A Question of Rights Little Italy Little Italy –Restrictions lifted on Italian aliens in 1942 –Ethnic unity maintained as a matter of choice Concentration Camps Concentration Camps –Issei –Nisei –Internment camps –Korematsu and Hirabayashi 26-17

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Minorities on the Job Minorities on the Job –A. Philip Randolph –Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941) –Bracero program At War with Jim Crow At War with Jim Crow –Detroit riots (1943) –Zoot suit riots (1943) 26-18

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The New Deal in Retreat The New Deal in Retreat –Roosevelt wins a fourth term, 1944 –The New Deal coalition was showing signs of strain “The increasingly powerful anti-New Deal coalition of Republicans and rural Democrats saw in the war an opportunity to attack programs they had long resented”(888)

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Winning the War and the Peace The Fall of the Third Reich The Fall of the Third Reich –D-Day: June 6, 1944 –December 1944, Hitler threw his reserves into a last, desperate gamble Two Roads to Tokyo Two Roads to Tokyo –Westward advance along the northern coast of New Guinea toward the Philippines and Tokyo –Battle of Leyte Gulf 26-20

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Big Three Diplomacy Big Three Diplomacy –Role of the Soviet Union –“Four Policeman” The Road to Yalta The Road to Yalta –Teheran Conference –Yalta Conference –Dispute over Poland –Dividing Germany 26-21

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Fallen Leader The Fallen Leader –Cerebral hemorrhage killed FDR: April 12, 1945 –Truman becomes president The Holocaust The Holocaust –Until fall of 1941 Jews were permitted to leave Europe but few countries would accept them –Influence of anti-Semitism –War Refugee Board created to help save as many Jews as possible 26-22

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26-23

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A Lasting Peace A Lasting Peace –Bretton Woods economic strategies –Dumbarton Oaks and the UNO –Postdam summit Atom Diplomacy Atom Diplomacy –Should the bomb be dropped? –The bomb as a threat to the Soviets 26-24

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26-25