Subtitle or main author’s name Materials of Engineering Lecture 1 - Introduction to MS&E - Engineering 45 Carlos Casillas, PE 19-Jan-12 Licensed Chemical Engineer Spring 2012 Hayward, CA

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 2 Engr 45 - Materials of Engineering Course No: Engineering 45 Instructor: Mr. Casillas Lecture No: 1 Lecture Title: Chp1: Introduction to MS&E Date: 19-Jan-12 Lecture Notes

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 3 Engineering 45 Materials of Engineering Engineering 45 Materials of Engineering - Outline - R1: Background Roll Call Course Syllabus –Goals –Labs, Field Trips –VSME R2: Course Overview – Materials Science & Engineering Next Week: Chp 2: Atomic Structure & Bonding –C&R Chp 3: Structure of Crystalline Solids

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 4 Instructor’s Background

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 5 Instructor’s Background, con’t (Engr-45 day-1 roll-call/class distribution)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 6 Welcome to the Wide World of MS&E! ALL of Engineering is impacted by Materials!

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 7 Instructor’s Background, con’t Some items for show and tell (later on): Nanostructured Materials Au Nanoparticles, Si Nanowires (Gecko effect) II-VI Nanocrystals (Fluorescent), Flat-Panel LCDs Flash-Memory (Nano), Nano-Transistor Nano-Aerogels (JPL/NASA) Semiconductor Thin Film – Si, III-V Magnetic Data Storage, Thin-Film R/W Head, HDD Advanced Thermal Insulators & Conductors Cu Heat Pins – PECVD Al Showerhead Specialty Ceramics, Ferromagnetic Fluids Polymer Membranes Gas Separation Spiral-wound, hollow-fiber modules Smart Materials – Shape Memory NiTinol Wire

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 8 Engr 45 Course Logistics- Syllabus Review Text: “Materials Science and Engineering –An Introduction” 8th Edition, William D. Callister and David G. Rethwisch, John Wiley & Sons (2010) PreReq’s: Chemistry 1A Physics 4A Engineering Units: 2-hr Lec (Th 1-2:50pm), Rm hr Lab/Field Trip (M 4:30-7:20pm), Rm 1612 Lab teams 2-3 students, switch teams every two labs, switch roles every lab

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 9 Engr 45 Course Syllabus Review, con’t Lecture notes, homework solutions, etc will be sent by and posted at the Chabot Engineering webpage: Communication will be mainly by , through the CLPCCD GroupWise/Novell Web Access e- mail system. Office hours will preferably be right after lecture or lab. Other times can also be arranged if needed.

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 10 Syllabus Review, con’t Grading - Weight Function & Policy * Exams: During class, dates shown in schedule in Syllabus Open-text & single, hand-written SRS allowed, TB turned in Academic honesty is expected (assigned seating) * Instructor reserves prerogative to adjust based solely on his professional judgment of class performance

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 11 Engr-45 Lecture Tentative Schedule HW Assignments are due at the beginning of class on due date in Syllabus Lowest-score two HWs will be thrown out. All problems will be graded.

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 12 Engr-45 Labs & Field Trips Tentative Schedule Sixth Lab Report and Sixth Field Trip Report are both extra-credit Attendance to all Labs and Field Trips is mandatory

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 13 Understand the fundamental concept of Materials Science & Engineering: –“There is a direct relationship between a material’s synthesis & processing (post- manufacture), and its internal microstructure and observable physical properties and engineering performance” Engr-45 Course Goals Materials are ENGINEERED Structures NOT Black Boxes

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 14 Class Q: Materials Engineering & Technology → What is it? Investigating the Structures & Properties of Materials and Correlating these with the Design or Engineering or Technology Objectives  Basic Material Structure Has Many Dimensions

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 15 Classes of Materials From Chem1A Recall The Periodic Table of Elements Metals Ceramics Polymers SemiConductors

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 16 Metals May be Pure or Compounds (Alloys) –Along with Polymers The Most Common Everyday Material –Typically from the 1 st Row of Transition Metals in Periodic Table (Fe, Cu, Ni, etc.) –Have LARGE Numbers of NonBound Electrons Makes them Good Electrical & Thermal CONDUCTORS –Strong but Deformable (Ductile)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 17 Ceramics cont. Some Typical Properties –HARD & BRITTLE –HIGHEST Temperature Resistance Thoria (Thorium Oxide) Max Temp  3000 K –Llttle Temperature-SHOCK Resistance –Corrosion Resistant –Electrically Resistive (Insulative) –Difficult to Join Do Not Weld

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 18 Ceramics cont. Some Typical Properties –HARD & BRITTLE –HIGHEST Temperature Resistance Thoria (Thorium Oxide) Max Temp  3000 K –Llttle Temperature-SHOCK Resistance –Corrosion Resistant –Electrically Resistive (Insulative) –Difficult to Join Do Not Weld

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 19 Polymers cont. Some Typical Properties –Very LightWeight –Very Corrosion Resistant Best of ANY Class of Material –Little, if any, Hi/Lo Temperature Resistance –Little Structural Strength –Very Deformable (ductile/flexible) –Lowest $-Cost:Volume Ratio for Any Class of Material

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 20 SemiConductors May be made CONDUCTIVE or INSULATIVE (or Something in- between) by the Addition of Miniscule Amounts of IMPURITIES –Current Techniques Allow Precise Control over the AMOUNT and LOCATION of the Impurities Semiconductors are Very Important Electronic Device Materials

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 21 Semiconductors cont. Most SOLID STATE (no moving parts) Electronic Devices are Semiconductors Major applications for Semi Transistors –Voltage Amplifiers –On/Off switches Additional Advantage: Semiconductor Electronic Devices can be constructed at Extremely SMALL Scales SILICON is the Most Widely Used

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 22 Composites Materials that Consist of More than One Material Type –Goal is to Combine the Best Features of Multiple Materials Some Examples –FiberGlass = Glass (ceramic) + Polymer Strength + Flexibilty –ReInforced Concrete = Steel + Concrete Tension-Strength + Compression-Strength

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 23 BioMaterials Defined as Those Materials Which Are compatible with Human Tissue –Classic Example = Stainless Steels used For Bone repair (Screws, Staples, Plates, Hip-Joints) At least a few of ALL other Classes of Materials are BioCompatible –Including Silicon

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 24 Smart Materials Smart Materials  Materials That Can Sense Changes in the Environment and Respond with a Material Shape/Property Change –Example: "smart" materials that can be attached to, or embedded in, structural systems enable the structure to sense disturbances, process the information and through commands to actuators, to accomplish some beneficial reaction

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 25 Ceramics Basic Composition is the MINERAL Form of a Metal –Very Few Metals Exist in PURE Form in Nature Most That Do are Very Rare, e.g., Gold Ceramics are Compounds of Metals and –Oxygen → Oxides (most Ceramics) –Carbon → Carbides –Nitrogen → Nitrides

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 26 Basic Material Properties General Weight:Density , kg/m 3 Expense:Cost/kg C m, $/kg Mechanical Stiffness:Young’s modulus E, GPa Strength:Elastic limit  y, MPa Fracture strength: Tensile strength  ts, MPa Brittleness: Fracture toughness K Ic, MPa·m 1/2 Thermal Expansion:Expansion coeff. , 1/K Conduction: Thermal conductivity, W/m·K Specific Heat (Capacity), c p or c v, J/kg·K Electrical Conductor? Insulator? Conductivity σ, S/m Dielectric Capacity, F/m Young’s modulus, E Elastic limit, Strain Stress  Ductile materials Brittle materials Young’s modulus, E Tensile (fracture) strength, Strain Stress    Thermal expansion Expansion coefficient,  Temperature, T Thermal strain  x T1T1 ToTo Q joules/sec Area A Thermal conduction Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity, (T 1 - T 0 )/x Heat flux, Q/A

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 27 Material Properties Property Stimulus Result Terms Material performance depends on material properties

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 28 Material Properties Density (g/cm3)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 29 Mechanical Properties, con’t Tensile Strength (MPa)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 30 Mechanical Properties, con’t Stiffness or Elastic Modulus E (GPa)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 31 Mechanical Properties, con’t Fracture Toughness [MPa*(m)E0.5]

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 32 Electrical Properties Conductivity (1/Ohm-m)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 33 Electrical Properties Increase resistivity of Cu by adding impurities by mechanical deformation

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 34 Processing  Structure  Properties (con’t) PROPERTIES depend on STRUCTURE –e.g.; The HARDNESS vs STRUCTURE of Steel Hardness (BHN) Ferrite + Cementite G w/ Pearlite Tempered Martensite UNtempered Martensite PROCESSING can change STRUCTURE –e.g., STRUCTURE vs Cooling-Rate for Steel

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 35 Processing  Structure  Properties Recrystallization Strength versus Structure of Brass and changes in microstructure

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 36 Thermal Properties low from ceramic oxide (structure and conduction properties) changes due to alloying in metals (even though same structure)

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 37 Processing  Structure  Properties (con’t) Optical Properties

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 38 Effect of Temperature

Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction 39 Course Goals, con’t Materials are ENGINEERED Structures NOT Black Boxes