اختلال در حجم مایعات بدن Fluid volume Deficit

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Presentation transcript:

اختلال در حجم مایعات بدن Fluid volume Deficit Hypovolemia هنگامی که آب و الکترولیت های بدن به یک نسبت کاهش یابند تفاوت هیپو ولومی با dehydration این است که در دهیدراتاسیون با کاهش آب بدن سدیم افزایش می یابد. Causes Vomiting Diarrhea Fever Excess sweating Burns Diabetes insipidus Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Signs and Symptoms Acute weight loss Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Concentrated urine Weak, rapid pulse Capillary filling time elongated Decreased BP Increased pulse Sensations of thirst, weakness, dizziness, muscle cramps

Labs Increased BUN out of proportion to Cr High serum osmolality Increased HCT Increased BUN out of proportion to Cr High serum osmolality Increased urine osmolality Increased specific gravity Decreased urine volume, dark color

Interventions Major goal prevent or correct abnormal fluid volume status before ARF occurs Encourage fluids IV fluids Isotonic solutions (0.9% NS or LR) until BP back to normal, then hypotonic (0.45% NS) Monitor I & O, urine specific gravity, daily weights

Monitor skin turgor Monitor VS and mental status

NURSING CARE کنترل I/O هر8hبه طور مرتب کنترل روزانه وزن ( ازدست دادن 5/.کیلو گرم وزن نشاندهنده کاهش 500سی سی آب بدن است ) کنترل v/s کاهش T و Bp و افزایش p علامت هیپوولمی است. کنترل تورگور وپوست و زبان ( خشکی دهان) بررسی غلظت ادرار (در هیپوولمی وزن مخصوص ادرار بالای 10/020می شود .

بررسی CVP و وضعیت هوشیاری ( کاهش شدید حجم آب منجر به کاهش پرفیوژن مغزی و محیطی و کلیوی می شود ) Evaluation Normal skin turgor, increased UOP with normal specific gravity, normal VS, clear sensorium, good oral intake of fluids, labs WNL

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)افزایش حجم مایعات بدن ♣ Hypervolemia به افزایش حالت ایزوتونیک مایع خارج سلولی (ECF) بعلت احتباس غیر طبیعی آب و سدیم اطلاق می شود .

Causes Cardiovascular – Heart failure Urinary – Renal failure Hepatic – Liver failure, cirrhosis Other – Cancer, thrombus, drug therapy (i.e., corticosteriods), high sodium intake, protein malnutrition

♣Clinical Manifestations Edema Distended neck Veins Increased BP,CVP ,pulse rate Crackles over the lungs, shortness of breath,& wheezing Increased body weight & urine output

Lab Diagnosis ↓ Hct (dilutional) Low serum osmolality Low specific gravity ↓ BUN (dilutional)

♣Management Diuretics restrict fluid & Na intake Direct cause should be treated Symptomatic treatment consist of : Diuretics restrict fluid & Na intake Maintained electrolytes balance Hemodialysis in case of renal impairment K+ supplement & specific nutrition

♣Nursing Management Assess breathing , weight ,degree of edema regularly I & O measurement regularly Smi fowler position in case of shortness of breath Patient education

اعمال سدیم فراوانترین یون خارج سلولی است (90 % اسمولاریته ECFتوسط Na تأمین می شود . مهمترین عامل تعیین کننده مایع خارج سلولی است . سدیم مهمترین عامل در کنترل انتشار آب در بدن می باشد و در تثبیت وضعیت الکتریکی شیمیایی لازم برای انقباض عضله یا انتقال امواج عصبی نقش دارد . هورمون ADH و آلدسترون بر روی غلظت Na تأثیر دارد. درتعادل اسید وباز نقش دارد Normal 135-145 meq/L

Hyponatremia تعریف :کاهش سدیم در سرم به مقدار کمتر از 135meq/lit را هایپوناترمی گویند .(بیماران تا 125 میلی اکی والان در لیتر را نیز تحمل می کنند و ممکن است علامتی بروز نکند )

اتیولوژی ازدست دادن مقداری زیاد سدیم : اسهال ،استفراغ،فیستول در GI ، تعریق ، تجویز داروهای مدر همراه رژیم کم نمک،کمبود آلدسترون (نارسایی غده فوق کلیه ) جذب بیش از حد آب : تجویز بیش از حد D/W تزریقی ، پرنوشی روانی (Polydepsia Nerosa) ، سندرم SIADH : ترشح نامناسب هورمونی که باعث ترشح مداوم ADH از هیپوتالاموس ، یا تولید یک ماده شبیه ADH از یک تومور می شود . علل سندرم SIADH : تومورهای ریه oat cell ،ضربه به سر، اختلالات ریوی و مصرف بعضی داروها مانند سیکلوفسفامید، وین کریستین و آمپی تریپتیلین می باشد .

Labs diagnosis Increased HCT, K Decreased Na, Cl, Bicarbonate, UOP with low Na and Cl concentration Urine specific gravity ↓ 1.010

Clinical Manifestations ↓ BP lethargy seizures decreased muscle tone muscle tremors vomiting diarrhea Anorexia muscle cramps exhaustion Poor skin turgor dry mucosa/skin Confusion headache

Nursing Care Monitor I&O Daily weight Encouraging foods high in Na (normal requirement 500mg) Fluid restriction:800ml/day