Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 3 Key Issue 2 Where Are Migrants Distributed? April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Global Migration Patterns About 3% of the WP are international migrants April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Asia, Latin America, and Africa have “net out-migration.” North America, Europe, and Oceania have “net in-migration.” April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

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Importance of Migration Movement from countries with low incomes and high NIR to wealthy countries with job prospects. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Current Net-in Migration 90% of U.A.R. population. 70% of Kuwait population. 25% of Australian population. 17% of Canadian population. 10% of U.S. population. 6% of Germany’s population. 6% of U.K. population. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Net Migration/1000 April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

The Middle East attract immigrants from poorer Middle Eastern countries and from Asia to perform the dirty and dangerous functions in the oil fields. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Current U.S. Immigrants 30 million people born in other countries. ½ born in Latin America. 1/4th each from Asia and Europe. ½ of Latin American immigrants are from Mexico. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

The U.S. The World’s 3rd most populous country. Inhabited overwhelmingly by direct descendants of immigrants. About 70 million immigrants since 1820. 3 main eras of immigration. High migration from countries entering stage 2 of Demographic Transition. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

U.S. Immigration Patterns Colonial Immigration from England and Africa. Nineteenth-Century Immigration from Europe. Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Colonial Immigration from England and Africa About 400,000 Africans were forced to migrate as slaves to the 13 colonies, and another 250,000 after 1808. 1 million Europeans migrated to escape economic conditions or persecution. 90% of European immigrants were from Great Britain. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Nineteenth-Century Immigration from Europe The U.S. offered the greatest opportunity for economic success. Germany sent the largest number of immigrants (7.2 million). 1/4th ancestry traced to Germans. 1/8th each traced to Irish and English immigrants April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

1st Peak of Nineteenth-Century Immigration Between 1840s and 1850s 90% from Northern and Western Europe. 2/5th from Ireland 1/3rd from Germany (escaping from political unrest) April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

2nd Peak of Nineteenth-Century Immigration Immigration to the U.S. declined in the 1860s. Immigration began to climb again in the 1870s and the 1880s. A large number of immigrants came from Scandinavian countries that had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

3rd Peak of Nineteenth-Century Immigration Immigration increased between the late 1890s and the 1st decade of the 1900s. Immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe. The shift of the primary source of immigrants coincided with the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Millions of European immigrants streamed into the United States during the 1800's and early 1900's. The newcomers shown here landed at Ellis Island in New York Harbor in 1907. Ellis Island was the chief U.S. reception center for the immigrants from 1892 to 1924. Hulton Archive/Getty Images April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Recent Immigration to the U.S. from Less Developed Regions Immigration dropped in the 1930s and 1940s, due to the depression and World War II Immigration surged in the last ¼ of the century, mostly from Asia and Latin America April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

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Immigration from Asia 7 million Asians arrived in the U.S. in the last 1/4th of the 20th century. Most of the immigration came from China, Philippines, India, and Vietnam. Asians make up 40% of Canada’s immigrants. Canada takes in 50% more immigrants per capita than the U.S. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Asian Immigration April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Immigration from Latin America 11 million Latin Americans migrated to the U.S. between 1960 and 2000. Migration from Mexican eclipsed that of Germany during the 1980s. The Dominican Republic was the second leading source of immigrants from Latin America followed by El Salvador. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

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1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act Issued visas to several hundred thousand undocumented Latin Americans. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Impact of Immigration on the United States April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Legacy of European Migration The Era of massive European migration ended with the start of World War I in 1914. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Europe’s Demographic Transition Stage 2 Europe’s population found limited economic opportunities. “Enclosure Movement” forced millions to emigrate from rural areas. The U.S. became Europe’s safety valve. Today, stage 4 Europe no longer needs a safety valve. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Diffusion of European Culture Indo-European languages spoken by ½ of the world’s population. Christianity has the largest numbers of adherents. European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have defused throughout the world. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Undocumented Immigrants Those who enter a country without proper documents. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Undocumented Immigration to the United States ½ of undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave. ½ cross the border without showing a passport. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act Immigration Act sought to reduce flow of illegal immigrants. Many feared that rejection of applications would lead to deportation. Employers must verify documentation. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Undocumented immigrants purchase forged documents for as little as $25. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Destination of Immigrants Within the United States Immigrants from Mexico head for California, Texas, or Illinois. Immigrants from Caribbean Islands head for New York or Florida. Chinese and Indians immigrate to New York and California. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Destination Preferences Proximately influences destination decisions. Immigrants cluster where people from same country previously settled. Job prospects affect the states to which immigrants head. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

Chain Migration The migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. April 20, 2017 S. Mathews

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