Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 5 Digestive System  How Digestion Works How Digestion Works How Digestion Works Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Chapter Goals  Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.  Define combining forms for gastrointestinal organs and know the meaning of related terminology.  Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter 5 Lesson 5.1

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Introduction Digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions:  ingestion  digestion  absorption  elimination

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion  Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth  Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.  Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. Proteins → amino acids Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Introduction: Absorption  Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine.  Nutrients travel to all cells of the body  Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Introduction: Elimination  Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.  The large intestine concentrates feces.  The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Organs of the Digestive System  The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Major parts of the oral cavity

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch →

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Anatomy of a tooth

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Anatomy of a tooth

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Salivary glands:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Pharynx Deglutition:  The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.  What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?  How does the body address this problem?

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Pharynx (cont’d) Deglutition: 8LJZ_A 8LJZ_A 8LJZ_A

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Esophagus/Stomach (cont’d) Parts of the stomach

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 The Digestive Tract

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 The Digestive Tract (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Small Intestine Villi in the lining of the small intestine

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Large Intestine (cont’d) Parts of the large intestine

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas 1S4IY 1S4IY

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d) Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver:  helps maintain normal blood glucose levels  manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting  removes toxins and poisons from the blood

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream? A.gluconeogenesis B.emulsification C.hyperbilirubinemia D.glycogenolysis

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas The pancreas and its functions: e_jC4FDOUc e_jC4FDOUc e_jC4FDOUc

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine? A.cecum B.duodenum C.jejunum D.pylorus

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 The Cecum

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 3. Which term means swallowing? A.mastication B.deglutition C.emulsification D.Peristalsis Difficult Swallowing is Dysphagia

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology Examples of Combining Forms Combining Form MeaningTerminology bucc/ocheek buccal mucosa celi/o belly, abdomen celiac dent/itoothdentibuccal esophag/oesophagusesophageal sialaden/o salivary gland sialadenitis

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d) Three types of anastomoses

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d) Examples of Suffixes SuffixMeaningTerminology -aseenzymelipase -cheziadefecationhematochezia -iasis abnormal condition choledocholithiasis -prandialmealpostprandial

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 4. Which term means inflammation of the lip? A.cholecystitis B.celiac C.appendicitis D.cheilitis

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Chapter 5 Lesson 5.2

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Pathology of the Digestive System Examples of signs and symptoms:  anorexia – Lack of appetite  ascites – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen  eructation – Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth  steatorrhea – Fat in the feces; frothy, foul- smelling fecal matter

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Pathologic Conditions Oral Cavity and Teeth  aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers  dental caries – tooth decay  herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.  oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches  periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  achalasia – Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  esophageal varices – Swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.  gastric carcinoma – Malignant tumor of the stomach.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)  gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach  peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)  hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines  anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.  colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)  colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)  Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.  diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52  dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines  hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region  ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)  intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines  IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension  ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers  volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas  cirrhosis – Chronic degenerative disease of the liver  pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas  viral hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 55  cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder Pathologic Conditions Liver Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)