Jus Soli: by birth anywhere on land considered American soil. Jus Sanguinis: born on foreign soil but your parent is a U.S. citizen. Naturalization: process by which individuals who are not yet citizens become U.S. citizens. Act of Congress: can pass law naturalizing entire group ex all Native Americans were made citizens. Treaty: acquire new territory and make the people citizens. Ex Louisiana Purchase

 Area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress  Part of the United States as a territory  The residents of Puerto Rico are United States citizens  They are represented in Congress by a Resident Commissioner with a voice but without a vote.  Residents of Puerto Rico generally do not pay federal income taxes (however, they pay Social Security, Medicare and Unemployment taxes)  Only required to file a U.S. federal income tax return if they have income sources outside of Puerto Rico.  They cannot vote in Presidential elections.

 Application-18 yrs of age, fingerprints,background check.  Examination-INS office, basic knowledge of history and government, speak some English.  Swearing In-Appear before a judge, take the oath of allegiance, receive a certificate.

 Expatriation: banish a person from their native country, renounce their citizenship, or become citizen of foreign country.  Punishment for a crime: citizenship can be taken away for treason, inciting rebellion, or of conspiring to violently overthrow the government.  Denaturalization: lose citizenship if the federal government learns that a naturalized citizen obtained his citizenship through fraudulent means.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. Do you agree with this provision?

 Immigrant: individuals who live in the U.S. with intention of becoming naturalized.  Alien: individuals who live in the U.S. who may not intend to be citizens.  Enemy Aliens: countries with whom we are at war, usually made to register. Ex. Germans-WWI  Refugees: immigrants granted entry because their homeland is unsafe.  Illegal Aliens: enter the U.S. without a legal permit.  Xenophobia: unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners

 1882Immigration Act passed-move to curb Chinese immigration  1891Immigration and Naturalization Service (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services)  1917Literacy test introduced-xenophobia against Japanese  1921 Quota Act-attempt to restrict immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe

1948Displaced Persons Act (Post WWII) 1952McCarran-Walter Act-impose political views to keep out foreigners 1965Limit immigrants from the Western Hemisphere to 120, Refugee Act-help adapt to society, admit in emergency 1990Curb illegal immigration, no longer limit for political views

 Caps on extraordinary ability individuals ex. Arts and sciences  Caps on exceptional ability ex. Advanced degrees  Caps on skilled workers  Encourage family reunification

 5,000 new border agents  Use of wiretaps to halt document fraud and smuggling  Penalties for smuggling to include punish for each alien rather than incident  Deportation of legal immigrants if on federal assistance for 12 months  $12 million for border fencing

 Do you think English should be the official language of the United States?  Should children of illegal immigrants be entitled to benefits and government social services such as medical care and disaster relief?