CITATIONS FOR YOUR ZOOLOGY PAPER BIO 122 Updated Spring 2013

WHAT NEEDS TO BE CITED? All information except personal knowledge must be cited Typically, every paragraph of your paper will need a reference * use the (author, year) format At end of paper you need to list all references in a Literature Cited section

CITATIONS IN TEXT Each time you refer to referenced material end the sentence with a citation. Do not simply put a reference at the end of the paragraph! Exception is when the entire paragraph information comes from one source: Then start paragraph with inclusive phrase “Research of Jones (2007) shows…”

USE OF QUOTES Quotes may be used, but as little as possible (0-3 in entire paper) Citation with quote needs author, year and page – (Jones, 2007, p. 35) With three or more authors use et al. – (Jones et al. 2008, p. 544) With websites, use paragraph number – (Jones, 2009, par.14)

LITERATURE CITED PAGE This is a separate page at the end of your paper Include all references cited within text Make sure author and year match that included in text List all references in alphabetical order Details differ depending on source: book, zoology encyclopedia, journal or website

LITERATURE CITED PAGE All references need to include, in order: Author(s); do not use “et al.” here Year of publication Name of article (always) or chapter (if needed) Name of book or journal Publisher (for books) Volume and page number (for journal)

CITATION EXAMPLES: JOURNAL McGuire, Tamara L. and Kirk O. Winemiller Occurrence patterns, habitat associations, and potential prey of the river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, in the Cinaruco River, Venezuela. Biotropica 30(4): Williamson, Donald I. and Sonya E. Vickers The origins of larvae. American Scientist 95(6): Note:a) the “hanging indent” style and b) journal titles are in italics

CITATION EXAMPLES: PAGES IN A BOOK Orr, Robert T Amphibians. pp In: Vertebrate Biology, 4th edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Note:a) chapter title and page numbers b) book title in italics

CITATION EXAMPLES: ZOOLOGY ENCYCLOPEDIA Sambraus, Hans Hinrich Cattle, pp In: Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, volume 5. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Boston. Note:a) pages listed for specific chapter b) encyclopedia name in italics

USING INTERNET SOURCES The Internet is a valuable resource for zoological information Use of online search engines to find journal articles Specific website of professionals for current information

USING INTERNET SOURCES The Internet also has bad information. Website with no author or lack of appropriate authority Paper mills; you buy a paper (this is called plagiarism)

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET In addition to the usual information, you need to cite where the information was obtained (the web address). There is a problem of when was the material written: it can be copyrighted, revised, updated, or have no information (hence we use date of visit)

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET Anonymous (visit: January 8). Armadillo. National Geographic Society. mammals/armadillo.html mammals/armadillo.html Stewart, Robert (revised: August 7). Introduction to coastal pollution. Oceanography in the 21st century – an online textbook. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. book/introtocoastalpollution.htm book/introtocoastalpollution.htm

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET Notes from previous slide: a) a) The page title is listed first b) b) The website name is listed next in italics (this is sometimes hard to find) c) c) The web address is inserted as a cut & paste AND the font is changed to conform

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET Anonymous (visit: January 8). Armadillo. National Geographic Society. mammals/armadillo.html mammals/armadillo.html Stewart, Robert (revised: August 7). Introduction to coastal pollution. Oceanography in the 21st century – an online textbook. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. book/introtocoastalpollution.htm book/introtocoastalpollution.htm

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET An additional challenge comes with search engines at pay per view sites (such as Wessels Library website – your tuition $$ at work) We can’t go directly to the website address, we must enter through a “portal”

CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNET Example of a journal article found via a Wessels Library search engine: McDonough, Colleen M., J. Mitchell Lockhart, and W. J. Loughry Population dynamics of Nine- Banded Armadillos: Insights from a removal experiment. Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 6 Issue 3, p , 12p. (Online: Newberry College, Wessels Library, Academic Search Premier).

CONCLUSIONS Citations are critical in scientific papers. The MLA style you learned in English is not a method for citations used by scientists. Citations in the text include author, year (quotes also need page number). References in the Literature Cited section have detailed information and are alphabetically listed by author.

ASSIGNMENT Your Outline & Literature Cited is due on Friday, February 22 It needs to include: An outline of major components of your paper ( pages long) At least five citations using proper method