REFERENCING and citations

Reference other people‘s work correctly – avoid plagiarism PARAPHRASE – someone else‘s ideas in your own words SUMMARISE – a brief account of someone else‘s ideas QUOTE - someone else‘s exact words COPY - someone else‘s figures, tables or structure

EXTENDED ESSAYS  INCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER  INCLUDE ONLY REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT  TWO RECOMMENDED METHODS: HARVARD SYSTEM (Author, year) NUMBERED REFERENCING WITH FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES BE CONSISTENT!

CITATIONS IN THE TEXT USING NUMBERED SYSTEM - insert a superscript number - reference the sources at the bottom of the page (footnotes) - reference the sources in full

FOOTNOTES USING NUMBER SYSTEM  Reference in full = the same system as in the Bibliography  SHORTENED REFERENCING:  THE SAME SOURCE AS IN THE PRECEDING F. : Ibid., page 10  THE SAME SOURCE AS IN A PREVIOUS F. : Op. Cit. page10

REFERENCES – the works cited  A new page after the text  Arranged alphabetically  Number the entries

GUIDELINES for the entries  Book (1): Single author  Zimmerman, B.K Biofuture, confronting the genetic era. Plenum Press, New York.  Book (2): 2 authors  Schwing, R. and W. Albers Societal risk management. Plenum Press, New York.

GUIDELINES for the entries  Book (3): Editor in place of author  Milunsky, A., and G.J. Annas (eds.) Genetics and the law. Plenum Press, New York.  Book (4): 2nd or later edition  Burns, George W The science of genetics: an introduction to heredity. 4th ed. Macmillan. New York.

GUIDELINES for the entries  Book (5): Volume in a multivolume work  Hotchkiss, R.D Recombinant DNA research, vol. 5. NIH Publication No  Book (6): Subtitled volume of multivolume work  Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress Energy for biological processes, vol. 2. Technical analysis. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

GUIDELINES for the entries  Book (7): Article in edited collection  Nelkin, D., and M. Pollack Problems and procedures in the regulation of technological risk. In R. Schwing and W. Albers (eds.), Societal risk management. p Plenum Press, New York.  Book (8): Corporate author  National Research Council World food and nutrition study: the potential contributions of research. NR Council, Washington, D.C.

GUIDELINES for the entries  Journal Article (1): Single author  Myers, N Conserving our global stock. Environment 21:  Journal Article (2): More than 1 author  Israel, M.A., et al Molecular cloning of polyoma virus DNA in escherichia coli: plasmid vector systems. Science 203:  Journal Article (3): In edited collection  Nelkin, D., and M. Pollack Problems and procedures in the regulation of technological risk. In R. Schwing and W. Albers (eds.), Societal risk management. p Plenum Press, New York.

GUIDELINES for the entries  Web citation (1): Standard form  Camarota, Steven S. Immigration From Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States. Center for Immigration Studies, html (Nov. 7, 2008).  Web citation (2): Newspaper article  Black, I. "Iraq splits EU summit as Blair backs US," Guardian [UK], Dec. 13, 2003 ( ,00.html).

GUIDELINES for the entries  Personal communication  Steven Volk, to author, October 15,  Images, photographs  Eanger Irving Couse, "The Captive" (1891), Phoenix Art Museum, oil on canvas (  Bob Dylan photograph,  Don Bishop, "Untitled," Tikkun 18:4 (July/August 2003), cover.

LET‘S CHECK (1)  B.K. Zimmerman, Biofuture, confronting the genetic era. Plenum Press, New York.  Schwing and Albers (eds.), Societal risk management. Plenum Press, New York.  Milunsky, A., and G.J. Annas (eds.) Genetics And The Law. Plenum Press, New York.

LET‘S CHECK (2)  Problems and procedures in the regulation of technological risk. By Nelkin, D., and M. Pollack. In R. Schwing and W. Albers (eds.), Societal risk management p Plenum Press, New York  Burns, George W The science of genetics: an introduction to heredity. 4th ed. Macmillan. New York. £12.50.

LET‘S CHECK (3)  Schwing, R. and W. Albers (ed.) Societal risk management. Plenum Press, New York  Camarota, S. S. Immigration From Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States. Center for Immigration Studies, oc.html (2008).

LET‘S CHECK (4)  You want some more?!