Greece!

The ancient Greeks and Romans were two groups of people who made significant contributions to society in terms of architecture, government, and sports.

The ancient Greeks and Romans have influenced the lives of people today.

Know the following terms: Direct democracy: a government in which people vote to make their own rules and laws Representative democracy: a government in which people vote for (elect) a smaller group of citizens to make their rules and laws for everyone

Ancient Greece was located near the Mediterranean Sea.

Geography Climate moderate temps perfect for outdoor life Ancient Greece: located among mountains and hills, surrounded by Mediterranean Sea and limited rich soil. the Land-difficult to unite city-states Climate moderate temps perfect for outdoor life .

Ancient Greece: farmers, shipbuilders, and traders .

The people of Ancient Greece Farmed on hillsides; Trading took place on the Mediterranean Sea; Small independent communities developed because of the many mountains. .

Ancient Greece

Trojan War Still seeking to gain entrance into Troy, clever Odysseus ordered a large wooden horse to be built. Its insides were to be hollow so that soldiers could hide within it. Once the statue had been built by the artist Epeius, a number of the Greek warriors, along with Odysseus, climbed inside. The rest of the Greek fleet sailed away, so as to deceive the Trojans.

One man, Sinon, was left behind One man, Sinon, was left behind. When the Trojans came to marvel at the huge creation, Sinon pretended to be angry with the Greeks, stating that they had deserted him. He assured the Trojans that the wooden horse was safe and would bring luck to the Trojans. Only two people, Laocoon and Cassandra, spoke out against the horse, but they were ignored. The Trojans celebrated what they thought was their victory, and dragged the wooden horse into Troy. That night, after most of Troy was asleep or in a drunken stupor, Sinon let the Greek warriors out from the horse, and they slaughtered the Trojans. Priam was killed as he huddled by Zeus' altar and Cassandra was pulled from the statue of Athena and raped.

Epics of Homer The Iliad The Odyssey Myths helps the Greeks understand nature and human behavior

Early City-States of the Aegean Minoans settled Crete by 6000 B.C.E. Produced pottery, written script, bronze tools Palaces destroyed for unknown reasons in 1450 and 1370 B.C.E. Development of new script hows rising influence of Greeks over Minoans Reemergence of Greek culture in 850 B.C.E.

The Greek Polis Small, locally organized government Size restricted by…? Geography! Overpopulation addressed by colonization Built for defense and to accommodate mountains Poorest lived at lower levels Agora (open meeting space) on higher ground Acropolis (temple) on highest ground

Political Structure Monarchy – Kings Aristocracy - small groups of nobles Oligarchy- gov. ruled by a few people Direct Democracy- state ruled by its citizens

Athens and the Development of Democracy Developed modern concept of political democracy A leader among city-states Left the most historical record Moved farthest from kings and oligarchies to rule by the people

Reforms of Solon moved toward democracy [600-560 B.C.E.] Wealthy represented in Council of 400 All free men could participate in decisions Canceled all public and private debt Ended enslavement for debt payment Reforms ended with class conflict and clan rivalries

Cleisthenes 500 B.C ish (Reformer?) Broke power with nobility, power now based on where they lived Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws Council of 500 Citizenship was restricted to a relatively small number

Sparta Government Governed by an Oligarchy assembly of all free adult males elects officials - vote major issues Council of Elders-(30 people) proposed laws for assembly to vote on controlled education prosecuted court cases Only ruling families (own the land) and working-class people are citizens Helots worked the land they were just above slaves

Pericles To strengthen Athenian democracy (direct democracy) To hold and strengthen the empire (Delian League) To glorify Athens (beautify Athens-gold, ivory, marble with money from the DL)

Persian representation in the movie, 300: “The Immortals”

Persians: Shields made of Wicker

Bronze Helmet of Corinth 500 B.C.E. Hoplites: Armor made of Bronze

Leonidas fighting the Persians in the movie 300

War with Persia Revolt of Greek colonists in Asia Minor prompted Persian attack on Athens Battle of Marathon: 10,000 man Greek army defeats 48,000 man Persian army (490 B.C.E.) Greek key was hoplite soldiers organized into tightly-knit phalanxes, symbolic of citizen unity of city-state

Pheidippides had race back to Athens 490 B.C., semi-legendary Athenian courier sent to Sparta to request help when the Persians landed at Marathon. He ran 150 miles in two days. At the conclusion of the battle, he ran the 22 mi (35 km) back to Athens, where he reportedly shouted “Rejoice! We conquer!” and then died of exhaustion.

Greek Phalanx

Thermopylae Xerxes, son of Darius, tried to defeat Greeks Decisive Greek victory at Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E. Narrow pass bounded by mountains on one side and the sea on the other.  200,000 Persians V. 300 Spartans and 7,000 Greeks in total All of the Spartans died Athenians evacuated their city & regrouped

Victory at Salamis plus persistence in face of Persian pressure insured victory Greek motivation offset power of Persians who were overextending their powers

Suprise Attack! Defeat!

Mountain pass in Thermopylae, Greece

PHILOSOPHERS The philosophers were “seekers of wisdom” who tried to study the world in a systematic way Believed people could understand the universe through logic and reason The earliest group was known as sophists- men of wisdom Their main concern was political and social success Many were teachers who trained the children of the wealthy

SOCRATES469-399-BC Developed the Socratic Method - A question and answer technique of studying issues This method was designed to make people examine their beliefs

Plato Was a student of Socrates In The Republic-Plato outlines his ideas of the ideal society Believed no one would have wealth or luxury and all would do what they are best suited to

Aristotle A student of Plato Established the Lyceum- the world first scientific institute Believed that reason was the highest good Praised the virtues of self reliance and self control

Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Pergamum: A New “Hellenistic” City Cosmopolitan Culture

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry. Archimedes  pulley. Ptolemy  geocentric theory.

Ptolemaic View of the Universe

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World